sink: capture schema registry failure (#5712)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #5712

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #5653

What is changed and how it works?

Before this change, when Schema Registry returned 500, TiCDC could keep retrying inside the Avro schema registry helper and the changefeed could remain healthy-looking.

Now, when schema registration gets a 500, TiCDC returns the error immediately. The encoder error flows to the dispatcher manager, then to the maintainer/coordinator error path. The changefeed is reported as warning, with the registry error visible in last_warning.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
  With this pr, changefeed will be in warning status

Questions

Will it cause performance regression or break compatibility?

Do you need to update user documentation, design documentation or monitoring documentation?

Release note

Please refer to [Release Notes Language Style Guide](https://pingcap.github.io/tidb-dev-guide/contribute-to-tidb/release-notes-style-guide.html) to write a quality release note.

If you don't think this PR needs a release note then fill it with `None`.

Summary by CodeRabbit

• Bug Fixes

  • Improved handling of Schema Registry connection timeouts and interrupted retries.
  • Schema registration errors now include the HTTP status code, making failures clearer.
  • Prevented retries from continuing after an HTTP response is received.

• Tests

  • Added coverage for server-side Schema Registry errors.
  • Added integration testing to verify affected changefeeds enter a warning state with relevant error details.

[ti-chi-bot]

This cherry pick PR is for a release branch and has not yet been approved by triage owners.
Adding the do-not-merge/cherry-pick-not-approved label.

To merge this cherry pick:

1. It must be LGTMed and approved by the reviewers firstly.
2. For pull requests to TiDB-x branches, it must have no failed tests.
3. AFTER it has lgtm and approved labels, please wait for the cherry-pick merging approval from triage owners.

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[ti-chi-bot]

@wk989898 This PR has conflicts, I have hold it.
Please resolve them or ask others to resolve them, then comment /unhold to remove the hold label.

[ti-chi-bot]

@ti-chi-bot: ## If you want to know how to resolve it, please read the guide in TiDB Dev Guide.

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[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is NOT APPROVED

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