fix(omo-ai): strip cursor-cli tool protocol frames from assistant messages - #7192

fix(omo-ai): strip cursor-cli tool protocol frames from assistant messages#7192

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AceRothstein71:issue/7169-cursor-oauth-tool-leakAceRothstein71/oh-my-openagent:issue/7169-cursor-oauth-tool-leakCopy head branch name to clipboard