[version] Add ESPHome version and Apollo firmware version sensors

[bharvey88]

Version: 25.8.12.1

What does this implement/fix?

Adds two diagnostic text sensors to Core.yaml, ported from MTR-1 PR #79:

• ESPHome Version — exposes the running ESPHome version via the version platform (timestamp hidden)
• Apollo Firmware Version — exposes the ${version} substitution variable as a diagnostic entity via the template platform

These sensors make firmware and ESPHome version visible in Home Assistant for diagnostics and automation without requiring any other changes.

Types of changes

• Bugfix (fixed change that fixes an issue)
• New feature (thanks!)
• Breaking change (repair/feature that breaks existing functionality)
• Dependency Update - Does not publish
• Other - Does not publish
• Website of github readme file update - Does not publish
• Github workflows - Does not publish

Checklist / Checklijst:

• The code change has been tested and works locally
• The code change has not yet been tested

If user-visible functionality or configuration variables are added/modified:

• Added/updated documentation for the web page

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📥 Commits

Reviewing files that changed from the base of the PR and between afa8570 and 2268d77.

📒 Files selected for processing (1)

• Integrations/ESPHome/Core.yaml

✨ Finishing Touches

🧪 Generate unit tests (beta)

• Create PR with unit tests
• Post copyable unit tests in a comment
• Commit unit tests in branch version-sensors

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