diff --git a/packages/coverage-v8/src/provider.ts b/packages/coverage-v8/src/provider.ts
index 402d3a15ca93..f59e4a898edd 100644
--- a/packages/coverage-v8/src/provider.ts
+++ b/packages/coverage-v8/src/provider.ts
@@ -449,6 +449,13 @@ export class V8CoverageProvider extends BaseCoverageProvider implements Coverage
         }
       }
 
+      // V8 can report scripts that are not backed by a file, e.g. "about:", "data:"
+      // or "blob:" URLs coming from virtual modules. `fileURLToPath` throws on those.
+      if (!result.url.startsWith(FILE_PROTOCOL)) {
+        debug('Skipping non-file URL %s', result.url)
+        continue
+      }
+
       if (this.isIncluded(fileURLToPath(result.url))) {
         scriptCoverages.push({ ...result, url: decodeURIComponent(result.url) })
       }
diff --git a/test/coverage-test/test/non-file-urls.unit.test.ts b/test/coverage-test/test/non-file-urls.unit.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..53215eef186c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/coverage-test/test/non-file-urls.unit.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import type { CoverageMap } from '@vitest/istanbul-lib-coverage'
+import { Writable } from 'node:stream'
+import { pathToFileURL } from 'node:url'
+import { resolve } from 'pathe'
+import { expect, onTestFinished, test } from 'vitest'
+import { createVitest } from 'vitest/node'
+
+// V8 can report scripts that have no file behind them, e.g. "about:" URLs from
+// vitest-plugin-rsc, "data:" inline modules or "blob:" workers. Those used to
+// crash the whole coverage run with ERR_INVALID_URL_SCHEME.
+// See https://github.com/vitest-dev/vitest/issues/11036
+test.each([
+  'about:/React/Server/some-virtual-module',
+  'data:text/javascript,export const a = 1',
+  'blob:nodedata:0ac1a2e2-1b06-4b4a-9c6c-2ba1c0b3fd2f',
+])('non-file url %s does not crash coverage conversion', async (url) => {
+  const { convertCoverage } = await init()
+  const file = resolve(import.meta.dirname, '../fixtures/src/even.ts')
+
+  const coverageMap = await convertCoverage([
+    { url, scriptId: '1', functions: [], startOffset: 0 },
+    {
+      url: pathToFileURL(file).href,
+      scriptId: '2',
+      startOffset: 0,
+      functions: [
+        {
+          functionName: 'isEven',
+          isBlockCoverage: true,
+          ranges: [{ startOffset: 0, endOffset: 60, count: 1 }],
+        },
+      ],
+    },
+  ])
+
+  // The file-backed script is still processed
+  expect(coverageMap.files()).toContain(file)
+})
+
+async function init() {
+  const vitest = await createVitest('test', {
+    config: false,
+    include: ['dont-match-anything'],
+    coverage: {
+      enabled: true,
+      provider: 'v8',
+      include: ['**/fixtures/src/**'],
+      reporter: [],
+    },
+  }, {}, { stdout: new Writable() })
+
+  onTestFinished(() => vitest.close())
+  await vitest.standalone()
+
+  const provider = vitest.coverageProvider as any
+
+  return {
+    convertCoverage: (result: unknown[]): Promise<CoverageMap> =>
+      provider.convertCoverage({ result }, vitest.getRootProject(), 'ssr'),
+  }
+}