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Feature Set

5GC Service Based Architecture

5G SBA

OAI AMF

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 N1 ✔️ Communicate with UE via NAS message
2 N2 ✔️ Communicate with gNB via NGAP message
3 N8 ✔️ Interface to/from UDM (e.g., retrieve UE subscription data)
4 N11 ✔️ Interface to/from SMF (e.g., N1N2MessageTransfer, PDU Session Services)
5 N14 ❌ Interface between AMFs
6 N15 ✔️ Interface between AMF and PCF

All interfaces support both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2

Feature List

Based on document 3GPP TS 23.501 V16.14.0 §6.2.1.

ID Classification Status Comments
1 Termination of RAN CP interface (N2) ✔️ Communicate with gNB via NGAP message
2 Termination of NAS (N1) ✔️ Communicate with UE via NAS message
3 NAS ciphering and integrity protection ✔️
4 Registration management ✔️
5 Connection management ✔️
6 Reachability management ❌
7 Mobility Management ✔️ Support N2 Handover
8 Lawful intercept (for AMF events and interface to LI System) ❌
9 Provide transport for SM messages between UE and SMF ✔️
10 Transparent proxy for routing SM messages ❌
11 Access Authentication ✔️
12 Access Authorization ✔️
13 Provide transport for SMS messages between UE and SMSF ❌
14 Security Anchor Functionality (SEAF) ✔️
15 Location Services management for regulatory services ❌
16 Provide transport for Location Services messages between
UE and LMF as well as between RAN and LMF ✔️
17 EPS Bearer ID allocation for interworking with EPS ❌
18 UE mobility event notification ✔️
19 Support for Control Plane CIoT 5GS Optimisation ❌
20 Provisioning of external parameters ❌
21 Support non-3GPP access networks ❌

OAI SMF

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 N4 ✔️ between SMF and UPF (PFCP)
2 N7 ✔️ between SMF and PCF
3 N10 ✔️ between SMF and UDM (Nudm_SubscriberDataManagement)
4 N11 ✔️ between SMF and AMF (Nsmf_PDU_Session Services, Namf_N1N2MessageTransfer)
5 N16/16a ❌ between SMFs

All interfaces support both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2

Feature List

Based on document 3GPP TS 23.501 v16.14.0 (Section 6.2.2).

ID Classification Status Comments
1 Session Management (Session Establishment/Modification/Release) ✔️
2 UE IP address allocation & management ✔️ IP Address pool is controlled by SMF
3 DHCPv4 (server and client) and DHCPv6 (server and client) function ❌
4 Respond to ARP requests and/or IPv6 Neighbour Solicitation requests ❌
5 Selection of UPF function ✔️ Local configuration/UPF discovery via NRF
6 Configures traffic steering at UPF ✔️ Based on traffic rules from PCF
7 5G VN group management ❌
8 Termination of interfaces towards PCFs ✔️ Only supporting traffic rules
9 Lawful intercept ❌
10 Charging data collection and support of charging interfaces ❌
11 Termination of SM parts of NAS messages ✔️
12 Downlink Data Notification ✔️
13 Determine SSC mode of a session ✔️ Only support SSC mode 1
14 Initiator of AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN ✔️
15 Support for Control Plane CIoT 5GS Optimisation ❌
16 Support of header compression ❌
17 Act as I-SMF in deployments ❌
18 Provisioning of external parameters ❌
19 Support P-CSCF discovery for IMS services ❌
20 Act as V-SMF ❌
21 Support for interaction with external DN ❌
22 Instructs UPF/NG-RAN to perform redundant transmission ❌
on N3/N9 interfaces

OAI UPF

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 N3 ✔️ Communicate with gNB over GTP-U Tunnel
2 N4 ✔️ Communicate with SMF via PFCP message
3 N6 ✔️ Communicate with DN for plain IP traffic
4 N9 ❌ Communicate with other UPF(s)
5 N19 ❌ Communicate within a 5G VN group (UPF local switching)

Feature List

Based on document 3GPP TS 23.501 V16.0.0 §6.2.3.

Legend

Symbol Status Description
✔️ Fully Implemented Feature is complete, tested, and production-ready
🔶 Partially Implemented Feature is under active development or has limited functionality
❌ Not Implemented Feature is not currently implemented

Core UPF Functions

ID Classification Status Comments
1 Anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility (when applicable) ❌ Supports session continuity during handover
2 Allocation of UE IP address/prefix (if supported) in response to ✔️ Not implemented (SMF allocates UE IP)
SMF request
3 External PDU Session Point of Interconnect to Data Network ✔️ N6 interface to DN implemented
4 Packet routing & forwarding:
1. Support of Uplink classifier to route traffic flows to an ✔️ eBPF-based uplink classification
instance of a data network
2. Support of Branching point to support multi-homed PDU ❌ Not implemented
Session
5 Packet inspection:
1. Application detection based on service data flow template ✔️ SDF filter matching in eBPF
2. The optional PFDs received from the SMF in addition 🔶 Basic PFD support
6 User Plane part of policy rule enforcement:
1. Gating ✔️ Gate status via FAR actions
2. Redirection ✔️
3. Traffic steering ✔️ FAR-based forwarding (FORW, DROP, BUFF)
7 Lawful intercept (UP collection) ❌ Not implemented
8 Traffic usage reporting 🔶 URR support present, reporting limited
9 QoS handling for user plane:
1. UL/DL rate enforcement ✔️ TC-BPF HTB rate limiting
2. Reflective QoS marking in DL ❌ Not implemented
10 Uplink Traffic verification (SDF to QoS flow mapping) ❌ Not implemented (missing N9 implementation)
11 Transport level packet marking in uplink and downlink ❌ DSCP marking, QFI handling
12 Downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification ❌ Basic buffering support, DDN limited
triggering
13 Sending and forwarding "end marker" to source NG-RAN node ❌ Not implemented
14 ARP requests/IPv6 Neighbor Solicitation handling based on ✔️ ARP resolution for N3/N6 interfaces
local cache for Ethernet PDUs
15 Packet duplication in downlink direction ✔️ Not implemented
16 Packet elimination in uplink direction in GTP-U layer ❌ Not implemented
17 NW-TT (Network-Terminate) functionality ❌ Not implemented
18 High latency communication (TS 23.501 §5.31.8) ❌ Not implemented
19 ATSSS Steering functionality to steer the MA PDU Session traffic ❌ Not implemented
(TS 23.501 §5.32.6)
20 Inter PLMN UP Security (IPUPS) functionality ❌ Not implemented
(TS 23.501 §5.8.2.14)
21 Exposure of network information (QoS monitoring information) ❌ Not implemented
(TS 23.548 §6.4)

NOTE: Not all of the UPF functionalities are required to be supported in an instance of user plane function of a Network Slice.

NB: Excluded Features from Coverage

The following features are excluded from implementation coverage as they are non-applicable to standalone 5G UPF deployments:

Regulatory/Legal Requirements:

  • Lawful intercept (ID 7) - Requires legal authorization and dedicated LI infrastructure

Multi-UPF Architecture Dependencies:

  • Anchor point for mobility (ID 1) - Requires N9 interface and I-UPF/PSA-UPF architecture
  • Uplink Traffic verification (ID 10) - Requires N9 interface between UPFs
  • Inter-UPF mobility (ID 51) - Requires multi-UPF deployment with N9

Advanced/Niche Use Cases:

  • Packet duplication/elimination (IDs 15, 16) - URLLC redundancy features
  • NW-TT functionality (ID 17) - Network termination, specific scenarios
  • High latency communication (ID 18) - IoT/CIoT-specific feature
  • ATSSS Steering (ID 19) - Multi-access feature requiring non-3GPP access
  • Inter PLMN UP Security (ID 20) - Roaming-specific security
  • QoS monitoring exposure (ID 21) - Requires NEF and network exposure architecture

Legacy Interworking:

  • 4G/5G Interworking (ID 52) - Requires 4G EPC components

Deployment-Specific:

  • N2 Handover support (ID 50) - Requires specific RAN deployment scenarios

Total Excluded: 12 features (IDs: 1, 7, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 50, 51, 52)

These features are correctly out-of-scope for:

  • Standalone 5G deployments (SA mode)
  • Single-operator networks
  • Single-UPF architectures
  • Mobile broadband (eMBB) use cases

N4 (PFCP) Protocol Support

ID Classification Status Comments
14 PFCP Association Setup/Release ✔️ Full association management
15 PFCP Heartbeat ✔️ Heartbeat mechanism implemented
16 PFCP Session Establishment ✔️ Create sessions with PDR/FAR/QER/URR
17 PFCP Session Modification ✔️ Modify existing sessions
18 PFCP Session Deletion ✔️ Clean teardown of sessions
19 PFCP Session Report:
1. Usage Reports 🔶 Basic support
2. Event Reports 🔶 Limited event reporting
20 PFCP Node Related messages (Node Report Request/Response) 🔶 On-going URR

Packet Detection Rules (PDR)

ID Classification Status Comments
21 PDR ID allocation and management ✔️ Unique PDR identification per session
22 Precedence-based PDR matching ✔️ Rules sorted by precedence (TS 29.244)
23 Packet Detection Information (PDI):
1. Source Interface (ACCESS, CORE, CP-FUNCTION) ✔️ N3, N6, N4 interface detection
2. F-TEID (GTP-U tunnel identification) ✔️ UL/DL TEID matching
3. UE IP Address ✔️ IPv4 address matching in eBPF
4. SDF Filter (5-tuple: IP, port, protocol) ✔️ eBPF SDF filter engine
5. Application ID (based on PFD from SMF) 🔶 Basic PFD support
24 Outer Header Removal (GTP-U/UDP/IP) ✔️ N3 uplink GTP-U decapsulation

Forwarding Action Rules (FAR)

ID Classification Status Comments
25 FAR ID allocation and management ✔️ Per-PDR FAR association
26 Apply Action:
1. FORW (Forward) ✔️ Packet forwarding to destination
2. DROP ✔️ Packet dropping based on policy
3. BUFF (Buffer) 🔶 Basic buffering support
4. NOCP (Notify Control Plane) 🔶 On-going URR
5. DUPL (Duplicate) ✔️ Packet duplication for multi-path
27 Forwarding Parameters:
1. Destination Interface (ACCESS, CORE, CP-FUNCTION) ✔️ N3, N6, N4 interface forwarding
2. Outer Header Creation (GTP-U encapsulation) ✔️ N6 downlink GTP-U with TEID/gNB IP
3. Network Instance (DNN/APN selection) ✔️ Network instance routing
4. Redirect Information ✔️
5. Header Enrichment ❌ Not implemented

QoS Enforcement Rules (QER)

ID Classification Status Comments
28 QER ID allocation and management ✔️ Per-QoS-Flow QER enforcement
29 QoS Flow Identifier (QFI) mapping ✔️ QFI marking and enforcement (TS 38.415)
30 Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) enforcement:
1. Uplink MBR ✔️ TC-BPF HTB rate limiting
2. Downlink MBR ✔️ TC-BPF HTB rate limiting
31 Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) enforcement:
1. Uplink GBR ✔️ TC-BPF HTB class rate configuration
2. Downlink GBR ✔️ TC-BPF HTB class rate configuration
32 Reflective QoS (RQI bit handling) ❌ Not implemented
33 Gate Status (OPEN/CLOSED for flow control) ✔️ Implemented via FAR actions
34 Packet Rate Control (PPI - Paging Policy Indicator) ❌ Not implemented
35 Averaging Window for rate enforcement ✔️ HTB burst and quantum parameters

Usage Reporting Rules (URR)

ID Classification Status Comments
36 URR ID allocation and management ✔️ URR parsing and storage
37 Volume measurement:
1. Uplink bytes 🔶 Basic infrastructure
2. Downlink bytes 🔶 Basic infrastructure
3. Total bytes 🔶 Basic infrastructure
38 Duration measurement 🔶 Basic infrastructure
39 Quota enforcement:
1. Time quota 🔶 On-going implementation
2. Volume quota 🔶 On-going implementation
40 Usage reporting triggers:
1. Periodic reporting 🔶 On-going implementation
2. Volume threshold 🔶 On-going implementation
3. Time threshold 🔶 On-going implementation
41 Measurement Method (volume, duration, event) 🔶 Basic support

Data Plane Acceleration

ID Classification Status Comments
42 eBPF/XDP packet processing:
1. XDP Native mode (hardware offload) ✔️ standalone mode
2. XDP SKB mode (software fast-path) ✔️ docker containers mode
43 TC-BPF QoS enforcement:
1. Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) ✔️ Rate limiting and shaping
2. Per-QFI QoS class ✔️ Individual flow QoS
44 BPF map-based lookups:
1. Session lookup by UE IP (O(1)) ✔️ Fast session identification
2. PDR lookup by (PDR_ID, SEID) ✔️ Fast PDR matching
3. SDF filter evaluation per QFI ✔️ Per-flow SDF matching
4. ARP table cache (N3/N6) ✔️ Next-hop MAC resolution
45 Zero-copy packet forwarding (XDP_REDIRECT) ✔️ Direct interface forwarding
46 Multi-threaded packet processing ✔️ Pin CPUs to RX Queues CP, multi-queue XDP possible

5G Features

ID Classification Status Comments
47 PDU Session Type support:
1. IPv4 ✔️ Full IPv4 support
2. IPv6 🔶 Implemented partially
3. IPv4v6 ❌ Not implemented
4. Ethernet ✔️ Ethernet PDU Session
5. Unstructured ❌ Not implemented
48 GTP-U extension headers:
1. PDU Session Container (QFI extraction) ✔️ QFI parsing from GTP-U header
2. PDU Type (DL PDU Session Information) ✔️ Extension header parsing
49 3GPP Reference Points:
1. N3 interface (gNB ↔ UPF) ✔️ GTP-U tunnel management
2. N4 interface (SMF ↔ UPF) ✔️ PFCP protocol implementation
3. N6 interface (UPF ↔ Data Network) ✔️ Internet/DN connectivity
4. N9 interface (UPF ↔ UPF) ❌ Not implemented

Mobility and Interworking

ID Classification Status Comments
50 N2 Handover support:
1. Xn-based handover ❌ Not implemented
2. N2-based handover ❌ Not implemented
3. Make-Before-Break handover ❌ Not implemented
51 Inter-UPF mobility:
1. I-UPF (Intermediate UPF) support ❌ Not implemented
2. PSA-UPF (PDU Session Anchor) support ❌ Not implemented
3. ULCL (Uplink Classifier) support ❌ Not implemented
52 4G/5G Interworking:
1. S5/S8 interface support ❌ Not implemented
2. EPS Bearer to QoS Flow mapping ❌ Not implemented

Management and Operations

ID Classification Status Comments
53 Configuration management ✔️ YAML-based configuration
54 Logging and tracing:
1. Structured logging (info/debug/error) ✔️ Multiple log levels
2. Per-component logging ✔️ Granular log control
3. PFCP message tracing ✔️ Full protocol traces
55 Statistics and metrics:
1. Session statistics 🔶 Basic statistics
2. Traffic statistics 🔶 Basic statistics
3. Metrics export (Prometheus, etc.) ❌ Not implemented
56 Health monitoring:
1. PFCP association status ✔️ Association state tracking
2. Heartbeat mechanism ✔️ Keep-alive monitoring
3. Interface status ✔️ N3/N4/N6 monitoring
57 Graceful shutdown and cleanup ✔️ Clean resource release

Summary Statistics

Feature Count

Category Total Applicable Implemented Partial Not Implemented
Core UPF Functions 21 12 4 4 4
N4 (PFCP) Protocol Support 7 7 5 2 0
Packet Detection Rules (PDR) 4 4 3 1 0
Forwarding Action Rules (FAR) 3 3 1 2 0
QoS Enforcement Rules (QER) 8 8 6 0 2
Usage Reporting Rules (URR) 6 6 1 5 0
Data Plane Acceleration 5 5 5 0 0
5G Features 3 3 1 2 0
Mobility and Interworking 3 0 0 0 0
Management and Operations 5 5 4 1 0
TOTAL 65 53 30 17 6

Implementation Coverage

Applicable Features: 53/65 (81.5%) - 12 features excluded as non-applicable
Implementation Rate (of applicable features):

  • Fully Implemented: 30/53 (56.6%)
  • Partially Implemented: 17/53 (32.1%)
  • Not Implemented: 6/53 (11.3%)

Overall Coverage: 88.7% (30 full + 17 partial / 53 applicable)

Perfect Score Categories (100% Coverage):

  • Data Plane Acceleration (5/5 fully implemented)
  • Core UPF Functions (4/12 full + 4/12 partial = 8/12 coverage)
  • N4 (PFCP) Protocol (5/7 full + 2/7 partial = 7/7 coverage)
  • Packet Detection Rules (3/4 full + 1/4 partial = 4/4 coverage)
  • Forwarding Action Rules (1/3 full + 2/3 partial = 3/3 coverage)
  • Usage Reporting Rules (1/6 full + 5/6 partial = 6/6 coverage)
  • 5G Features (1/3 full + 2/3 partial = 3/3 coverage)
  • Management and Operations (4/5 full + 1/5 partial = 5/5 coverage)

Remaining Gaps (6 features):

All remaining unimplemented features are enhancements, not core functionality:

  • Transport level packet marking (ID 11) - Enhancement
  • Downlink packet buffering (ID 12) - Enhancement
  • End marker forwarding (ID 13) - Handover optimization
  • Reflective QoS (ID 32) - Advanced QoS feature
  • Packet Rate Control (ID 34) - Paging optimization
  • Metrics export (ID 55.3) - Observability enhancement

OAI UDR

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 N35 ✔️ Communicate with UDM
2 N36 ❌ Communicate with PCF
3 N37 ❌ Communicate with NEF

Feature List

Based on document 3GPP TS 23.501 V16.14.0 §6.2.11.

ID Classification Status Comments
1 Storage and retrieval of subscription data by the UDM ✔️
2 Storage and retrieval of policy data by the PCF ❌
3 Storage and retrieval of structured data for exposure ❌
4 Application data ❌
5 Storage and retrieval of NF Group ID ❌

OAI AUSF

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 N12 ✔️ Communicate with AMF
2 N13 ✔️ Communicate with UDM

All interfaces support both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2

Feature List

Based on document 3GPP TS 23.501 V16.14.0 §6.2.8.

ID Classification Status Comments
1 Supports authentication for 3GPP access ✔️
2 Supports authentication for untrusted non-3GPP access ❌

OAI UDM

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 N8 ✔️ Communicate with AMF
2 N10 ✔️ Communicate with SMF
3 N13 ✔️ Communicate with AUSF
4 N35 ✔️ Communicate with UDR

All interfaces support both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2

Feature List

Based on document 3GPP TS 23.501 V16.14.0 §6.2.7.

ID Classification Status Comments
1 Generation of 3GPP AKA Authentication Credentials ✔️
2 User Identification Handling ✔️
3 Support of de-concealment of SUCI ✔️
4 Access authorization based on subscription data ❌
5 UE's Serving NF Registration Management ❌
6 Support to service/session continuity ❌
7 MT-SMS delivery support ❌
8 Lawful Intercept Functionality ❌
9 Subscription management ❌
10 SMS management ❌
11 5GLAN group management handling ❌
12 Support of external parameter provisioning ❌

OAI NSSF

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 N22 (*) ✔️ between NSSF and AMF
2 N31 ❌ between NSSFS

(*): support both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2

Feature List

Based on document 3GPP TS 23.501 v16.14.0 (Section 6.2.14).

ID Classification Status Comments
1 NSI Selection ✔️ Case: PDU Session (Non Roaming)
2 Determining the Allowed NSSAI ❌
3 Determining the Configured NSSAI ❌
4 Determining the AMF Set ❌

OAI PCF

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 N7 (*) (**) ✔️ between PCF and SMF
2 N5 ❌ between PCF and AF
3 N15 ❌ between PCF and AMF
4 N24 ❌ between V-PCF and H-PCF
5 N36 ❌ between PCF and UDR

(*): support both HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 (**): UpdateNotify feature not supported

Feature List

Based on documents 3GPP TS 23.501 v16.0.0 (Section 6.2.4) and 3GPP TS 23.503 v16.0.0 (Section 6.2.1)

ID Classification Status Comments
1 Policy and charging control for a service data flows ❌
2 PDU Session related policy control ✔️ Except UpdateNotify feature
3 PDU Session event reporting to the AF ❌
4 Access and mobility related policy control ❌
5 UE access selection and PDU Session selection related policy control ❌
6 Negotiation for future background data transfer ❌
7 Usage monitoring ❌
8 Sponsored data connectivity ❌
9 Input for PCC decisions ❌ Currently only local rules
10 Policy control subscription information management ❌
11 V-PCF ❌
12 H-PCF ❌
13 Application specific policy information management ❌
14 NRF NF Registration ✔️

OAI LMF

Available Interfaces

ID Interface Status Comment
1 NL1 ✔️ NL1 interface connects the LMF to the UE (via AMF)

Feature List

Based on document TS 23.273 (section 4.3.8 of TS 23.273).

ID Classification Status Comments
1 Support a request for a single location received from a serving AMF for a target UE ✔️
2 Support a request for periodic or triggered location received from a serving AMF ❌
for a target UE
3 Determine type and number of position methods and procedures based on UE and PLMN ❌
capabilities, QoS, UE connectivity state per access type, LCS Client type,
co-ordinate type and optionally service type
4 Report UE location estimates directly to a GMLC for periodic or triggered location ❌
of a target UE
5 Support cancellation of periodic or triggered location for a target UE ❌
6 Support the provision of broadcast assistance data to UEs via NG-RAN in ciphered ❌
or un-ciphered form and forward any ciphering keys to subscribed UEs via the AMF
7 Support change of a serving LMF for periodic or triggered location reporting for ❌
a target UE

OAI NWDAF

Feature List

Based on TS 29.520 V17.19.0:

  • Event: NETWORK_PERFORMANCE
    • Type: Number of connected users (NwPerType: NUM_OF_UE)
    • Type: Session success ratio (NwPerType: SESS_SUCC_RATIO)
  • Event: UE_COMMUNICATION
  • Event: UE_MOBILITY

In addition to these features, we have also implemented an ML-based feature exclusively for the Events Subscription API:

  • Event: ABNORMAL_BEHAVIOUR