diff --git a/packages/vinext/src/entries/pages-server-entry.ts b/packages/vinext/src/entries/pages-server-entry.ts
index 74f897259..119064976 100644
--- a/packages/vinext/src/entries/pages-server-entry.ts
+++ b/packages/vinext/src/entries/pages-server-entry.ts
@@ -580,6 +580,13 @@ async function _renderPage(request, url, manifest, middlewareHeaders, options) {
         isrGet,
         isrSet,
         expireSeconds: vinextConfig.expireTime,
+        // The vinext build phase boots the prod server with VINEXT_PRERENDER=1
+        // and fetches every statically-generated page through it. That hit is
+        // the "build" prerender for revalidateReason; runtime hits are not.
+        // Mirrors Next.js's \`renderOpts.isBuildTimePrerendering\`. See
+        // \`.nextjs-ref/packages/next/src/server/render.tsx\` and
+        // \`packages/vinext/src/build/prerender.ts\`.
+        isBuildTimePrerendering: typeof process !== "undefined" && process.env && process.env.VINEXT_PRERENDER === "1",
         pageModule,
         params,
         query,
diff --git a/packages/vinext/src/server/dev-server.ts b/packages/vinext/src/server/dev-server.ts
index 1bc910d13..2b5b6120b 100644
--- a/packages/vinext/src/server/dev-server.ts
+++ b/packages/vinext/src/server/dev-server.ts
@@ -583,6 +583,19 @@ export function createSSRHandler(
               gsspExtraHeaders[key] = String(val);
             }
           }
+
+          // Default Cache-Control for getServerSideProps responses, matching
+          // Next.js's pages-handler.ts (revalidate: 0 → getCacheControlHeader).
+          // Skip when gSSP already set one via res.setHeader (case-insensitive)
+          // or when ISR is layered on top below — that branch overwrites this
+          // default with the ISR cache-control. Fixes #1461.
+          const hasUserCacheControl = Object.keys(gsspExtraHeaders).some(
+            (k) => k.toLowerCase() === "cache-control",
+          );
+          if (!hasUserCacheControl) {
+            gsspExtraHeaders["Cache-Control"] =
+              "private, no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate";
+          }
         }
         // Collect font preloads early so ISR cached responses can include
         // the Link header (font preloads are module-level state that persists
@@ -673,6 +686,9 @@ export function createSSRHandler(
                     locale: locale ?? currentDefaultLocale,
                     locales: i18nConfig?.locales,
                     defaultLocale: currentDefaultLocale,
+                    // Stale-while-revalidate background regeneration — mirrors
+                    // Next.js `render.tsx`'s `revalidateReason` resolution.
+                    revalidateReason: "stale",
                   });
                   if (freshResult && "props" in freshResult) {
                     const revalidate =
@@ -796,12 +812,17 @@ export function createSSRHandler(
             return;
           }
 
-          // Cache miss — call getStaticProps normally
+          // Cache miss — call getStaticProps normally.
+          // Dev has no build-time prerender phase, so every dev hit is
+          // treated as a stale-while-revalidate refresh — mirrors Next.js
+          // `render.tsx` (`isBuildTimeSSG ? "build" : "stale"`).
+          // See `.nextjs-ref/test/e2e/revalidate-reason/revalidate-reason.test.ts`.
           const context = {
             params: userFacingParams,
             locale: locale ?? currentDefaultLocale,
             locales: i18nConfig?.locales,
             defaultLocale: currentDefaultLocale,
+            revalidateReason: "stale" as const,
           };
           const result = await pageModule.getStaticProps(context);
           if (result && "props" in result) {
diff --git a/packages/vinext/src/server/pages-page-data.ts b/packages/vinext/src/server/pages-page-data.ts
index c41ca451a..78574d1ba 100644
--- a/packages/vinext/src/server/pages-page-data.ts
+++ b/packages/vinext/src/server/pages-page-data.ts
@@ -80,6 +80,18 @@ export type PagesPageModule = {
     locale?: string;
     locales?: string[];
     defaultLocale?: string;
+    /**
+     * Indicates why `getStaticProps` was invoked.
+     *
+     * - `"build"`: initial build-time prerender (before runtime traffic).
+     * - `"on-demand"`: triggered by `res.revalidate()` from an API route.
+     * - `"stale"`: stale-while-revalidate background regeneration.
+     *
+     * Mirrors Next.js `render.tsx`'s `revalidateReason` on the
+     * `GetStaticPropsContext` type — see
+     * `.nextjs-ref/packages/next/src/types.ts`.
+     */
+    revalidateReason?: "build" | "on-demand" | "stale";
   }) => Promise<PagesPagePropsResult> | PagesPagePropsResult;
 };
 
@@ -121,6 +133,24 @@ export type ResolvePagesPageDataOptions = {
     expireSeconds?: number,
   ) => Promise<void>;
   expireSeconds?: number;
+  /**
+   * When true, this dispatch corresponds to a build-time prerender (the
+   * `vinext` build phase fetches each statically generated page through the
+   * production server). Maps to `revalidateReason: "build"` when
+   * `getStaticProps` is invoked. Mirrors Next.js's
+   * `renderOpts.isBuildTimePrerendering` flag — see
+   * `.nextjs-ref/packages/next/src/server/render.tsx`.
+   */
+  isBuildTimePrerendering?: boolean;
+  /**
+   * When true, this dispatch was triggered by an on-demand revalidation
+   * request (e.g. `res.revalidate()` in a Pages Router API route, or an
+   * equivalent webhook). Maps to `revalidateReason: "on-demand"` when
+   * `getStaticProps` is invoked. Mirrors Next.js's
+   * `renderOpts.isOnDemandRevalidate` flag — see
+   * `.nextjs-ref/packages/next/src/server/render.tsx`.
+   */
+  isOnDemandRevalidate?: boolean;
   pageModule: PagesPageModule;
   params: Record<string, unknown>;
   query: Record<string, unknown>;
@@ -457,6 +487,11 @@ export async function resolvePagesPageData(
               locale: options.i18n.locale,
               locales: options.i18n.locales,
               defaultLocale: options.i18n.defaultLocale,
+              // Background regeneration for an entry that is already in the
+              // cache is always a stale-while-revalidate refresh — mirrors
+              // Next.js `render.tsx` (`isBuildTimeSSG ? "build" : "stale"`,
+              // and we're not at build time here).
+              revalidateReason: "stale",
             });
 
             if (
@@ -512,6 +547,17 @@ export async function resolvePagesPageData(
       locale: options.i18n.locale,
       locales: options.i18n.locales,
       defaultLocale: options.i18n.defaultLocale,
+      // Maps Next.js's resolution in `render.tsx`:
+      //   isOnDemandRevalidate ? "on-demand"
+      //     : isBuildTimeSSG    ? "build"
+      //                         : "stale"
+      // We pick "stale" as the default at runtime so existing-but-missing
+      // (cache evicted) entries surface as a regeneration rather than a build.
+      revalidateReason: options.isOnDemandRevalidate
+        ? "on-demand"
+        : options.isBuildTimePrerendering
+          ? "build"
+          : "stale",
     });
 
     if (result?.props) {
diff --git a/tests/pages-page-data.test.ts b/tests/pages-page-data.test.ts
index af4dc813b..0985725c1 100644
--- a/tests/pages-page-data.test.ts
+++ b/tests/pages-page-data.test.ts
@@ -346,6 +346,110 @@ describe("pages page data", () => {
     expect(received).toEqual({ id: "123" });
   });
 
+  // `getStaticProps` receives `context.revalidateReason` describing why the
+  // function was called. Mirrors Next.js's render.tsx — see
+  // `.nextjs-ref/test/e2e/revalidate-reason/revalidate-reason.test.ts` for
+  // the authoritative tri-state assertions.
+  it("passes revalidateReason: 'build' to getStaticProps during build-time prerendering", async () => {
+    let received: unknown = "untouched";
+    await resolvePagesPageData(
+      createOptions({
+        isBuildTimePrerendering: true,
+        pageModule: {
+          async getStaticProps(context) {
+            received = context.revalidateReason;
+            return { props: {} };
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+
+    expect(received).toBe("build");
+  });
+
+  it("passes revalidateReason: 'on-demand' to getStaticProps when on-demand revalidation is signalled", async () => {
+    let received: unknown = "untouched";
+    await resolvePagesPageData(
+      createOptions({
+        isOnDemandRevalidate: true,
+        pageModule: {
+          async getStaticProps(context) {
+            received = context.revalidateReason;
+            return { props: {} };
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+
+    expect(received).toBe("on-demand");
+  });
+
+  it("passes revalidateReason: 'stale' to getStaticProps for runtime cache-miss requests", async () => {
+    let received: unknown = "untouched";
+    await resolvePagesPageData(
+      createOptions({
+        pageModule: {
+          async getStaticProps(context) {
+            received = context.revalidateReason;
+            return { props: {} };
+          },
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+
+    expect(received).toBe("stale");
+  });
+
+  it("passes revalidateReason: 'stale' to getStaticProps during stale-while-revalidate regeneration", async () => {
+    let received: unknown = "untouched";
+    let regenPromise: Promise<void> | null = null;
+    const runInFreshUnifiedContext = vi.fn(
+      async <T>(callback: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> => callback(),
+    ) as ResolvePagesPageDataOptions["runInFreshUnifiedContext"];
+    const triggerBackgroundRegeneration = vi.fn((_key: string, renderFn: () => Promise<void>) => {
+      regenPromise = renderFn();
+    });
+
+    await resolvePagesPageData(
+      createOptions({
+        // Even when the dispatch itself is a build-time prerender, the SWR
+        // refresh path is still a stale regeneration — matches Next.js.
+        isBuildTimePrerendering: true,
+        isrGet: vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({
+          isStale: true,
+          value: {
+            lastModified: 1,
+            cacheState: "stale",
+            value: {
+              kind: "PAGES",
+              html: '<!DOCTYPE html><html><body><div id="__next"><div>stale</div></div><script>window.__NEXT_DATA__ = {}</script></body></html>',
+              pageData: {},
+              headers: undefined,
+              status: undefined,
+            },
+          },
+        }),
+        pageModule: {
+          async getStaticProps(context) {
+            received = context.revalidateReason;
+            return { props: {}, revalidate: 5 };
+          },
+        },
+        runInFreshUnifiedContext,
+        triggerBackgroundRegeneration,
+      }),
+    );
+
+    expect(triggerBackgroundRegeneration).toHaveBeenCalledOnce();
+    if (!regenPromise) {
+      throw new Error("expected stale regeneration to start");
+    }
+    const pendingRegen: Promise<void> = regenPromise;
+    await pendingRegen;
+
+    expect(received).toBe("stale");
+  });
+
   // Matches Next.js behavior: for non-dynamic routes, `params` in
   // getStaticProps context is null (not `{}`).
   it("passes params: null to getStaticProps on non-dynamic routes", async () => {