diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 080c11d0..b73002fa 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -19,3 +19,5 @@ myenv/
 *.DS_Store
 launcher/config.yaml
 launcher/run.sh
+*.warning
+*ipynb
diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/G_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/G_valid.txt
index 6264dd0b..0c33e612 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/G_valid.txt
+++ b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/G_valid.txt
@@ -1,237 +1,237 @@
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Hess_valid.bin b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Hess_valid.bin
index b902f68a..3de70591 100644
Binary files a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Hess_valid.bin and b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Hess_valid.bin differ
diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Jeq_valid.bin b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Jeq_valid.bin
index 93b98980..fd4f7a10 100644
Binary files a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Jeq_valid.bin and b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Jeq_valid.bin differ
diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Lambda_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Lambda_valid.txt
index 54fde11d..57fe02a7 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/Lambda_valid.txt
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/X_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/X_valid.txt
index a8fe7f58..d07a401b 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/X_valid.txt
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/grad_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/grad_valid.txt
index 5a54fea8..be26b7c8 100644
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/obj_value_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/obj_value_valid.txt
index 6baf451e..b2193628 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case118.m/obj_value_valid.txt
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case9mod.m/G_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case9mod.m/G_valid.txt
index e2e4c3c1..5dabfda3 100644
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Gl_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Gl_valid.txt
index d59990a7..fcbb97e9 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Gl_valid.txt
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Hess_valid.bin b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Hess_valid.bin
index 1170318a..7d56bc8b 100644
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Jeq_valid.bin b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Jeq_valid.bin
index dbae8c0f..46d5da5f 100644
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Jineq_valid.bin b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Jineq_valid.bin
index 3cb19748..6bf1732c 100644
Binary files a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Jineq_valid.bin and b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Jineq_valid.bin differ
diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Lambda_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Lambda_valid.txt
index bfb66dc6..22a9453f 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/Lambda_valid.txt
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/X_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/X_valid.txt
index e30638b2..b7efa03b 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/X_valid.txt
+++ b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/X_valid.txt
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/grad_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/grad_valid.txt
index 4c8cb328..3d3b4540 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/grad_valid.txt
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diff --git a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/obj_value_valid.txt b/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/obj_value_valid.txt
index b8f9eb90..6aebfcb6 100644
--- a/datafiles/test_validation/case_ACTIVSg200.m/obj_value_valid.txt
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diff --git a/datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/OF_unittestx3.m b/datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/testx3.m
similarity index 100%
rename from datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/OF_unittestx3.m
rename to datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/testx3.m
diff --git a/datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/OF_unittestx600.m b/datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/testx600.m
similarity index 100%
rename from datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/OF_unittestx600.m
rename to datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/testx600.m
diff --git a/src/opflow/CMakeLists.txt b/src/opflow/CMakeLists.txt
index d0553657..863f45f4 100644
--- a/src/opflow/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/opflow/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ if(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA)
     set(OPFLOW_FORM_SRC
         ${OPFLOW_FORM_SRC} model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse.cpp
         model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.cpp
+        model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.cpp
     )
   endif()
 endif()
@@ -39,8 +40,8 @@ set_source_files_properties(${OPFLOW_SRC} PROPERTIES LANGUAGE CXX)
 if(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA AND EXAGO_ENABLE_CUDA)
   set_source_files_properties(
     model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopkernels.cpp
-    model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.cpp PROPERTIES LANGUAGE
-                                                                   CUDA
+    model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.cpp
+    model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.cpp PROPERTIES LANGUAGE CUDA
   )
 endif()
 
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.cpp b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.cpp
index 27e2cfa0..fbe44e4e 100644
--- a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.cpp
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.cpp
@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ int BUSParamsRajaHiop::destroy(OPFLOW opflow) {
     h_allocator_.deallocate(jacsp_idx);
     h_allocator_.deallocate(jacsq_idx);
   }
+  h_allocator_.deallocate(ispv);
+  h_allocator_.deallocate(gineqidx);
+  h_allocator_.deallocate(ineqjacsp_idx);
+  h_allocator_.deallocate(genoffset);
+  h_allocator_.deallocate(ngenONbus);
 
 #ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
   d_allocator_.deallocate(isref_dev_);
@@ -46,6 +51,11 @@ int BUSParamsRajaHiop::destroy(OPFLOW opflow) {
     d_allocator_.deallocate(jacsp_idx_dev_);
     d_allocator_.deallocate(jacsq_idx_dev_);
   }
+  d_allocator_.deallocate(ispv_dev_);
+  d_allocator_.deallocate(gineqidx_dev_);
+  d_allocator_.deallocate(ineqjacsp_idx_dev_);
+  d_allocator_.deallocate(genoffset_dev_);
+  d_allocator_.deallocate(ngenONbus_dev_);
 #endif
 
   return 0;
@@ -80,6 +90,11 @@ int BUSParamsRajaHiop::copy(OPFLOW opflow) {
     resmgr.copy(jacsq_idx_dev_, jacsq_idx);
     resmgr.copy(powerimbalance_penalty_dev_, powerimbalance_penalty);
   }
+  resmgr.copy(ispv_dev_, ispv);
+  resmgr.copy(gineqidx_dev_, gineqidx);
+  resmgr.copy(ineqjacsp_idx_dev_, ineqjacsp_idx);
+  resmgr.copy(genoffset_dev_, genoffset);
+  resmgr.copy(ngenONbus_dev_, ngenONbus);
 #else
   isref_dev_ = isref;
   isisolated_dev_ = isisolated;
@@ -96,6 +111,11 @@ int BUSParamsRajaHiop::copy(OPFLOW opflow) {
   jacsp_idx_dev_ = jacsp_idx;
   jacsq_idx_dev_ = jacsq_idx;
   powerimbalance_penalty_dev_ = powerimbalance_penalty;
+  ispv_dev_ = ispv;
+  gineqidx_dev_ = gineqidx;
+  ineqjacsp_idx_dev_ = ineqjacsp_idx;
+  genoffset_dev_ = genoffset;
+  ngenONbus_dev_ = ngenONbus;
 #endif
   return 0;
 }
@@ -132,18 +152,31 @@ int BUSParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
     jacsp_idx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nbus);
     jacsq_idx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nbus);
   }
+  ispv = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nbus);
+  gineqidx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nbus);
+  ineqjacsp_idx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nbus);
+  genoffset = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nbus);
+  ngenONbus = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nbus);
 
   /* Memzero arrays */
   resmgr.memset(isref, 0, nbus * sizeof(int));
   resmgr.memset(ispvpq, 0, nbus * sizeof(int));
   resmgr.memset(isisolated, 0, nbus * sizeof(int));
+  resmgr.memset(ispv, 0, nbus * sizeof(int));
+  resmgr.memset(gineqidx, 0, nbus * sizeof(int));
+  resmgr.memset(ineqjacsp_idx, 0, nbus * sizeof(int));
+  resmgr.memset(genoffset, 0, nbus * sizeof(int));
+  resmgr.memset(ngenONbus, 0, nbus * sizeof(int));
 
+  int genoff = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < nbus; i++) {
     bus = &ps->bus[i];
     loc = bus->startxVloc;
 
     xidx[i] = opflow->idxn2sd_map[loc];
     gidx[i] = bus->starteqloc;
+    genoffset[i] = genoff;
+    genoff += bus->ngenON;
 
     if (bus->ide == REF_BUS)
       isref[i] = 1;
@@ -152,6 +185,12 @@ int BUSParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
     else
       ispvpq[i] = 1;
 
+    if (bus->ide == PV_BUS)
+      ispv[i] = 1;
+
+    ngenONbus[i] = bus->ngenON;
+    gineqidx[i] = bus->startineqloc;
+
     if (opflow->genbusvoltagetype == FIXED_AT_SETPOINT) {
       if (bus->ide == REF_BUS || bus->ide == PV_BUS) {
         /* Hold voltage at reference and PV buses */
@@ -200,6 +239,11 @@ int BUSParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
     jacsp_idx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nbus);
     jacsq_idx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nbus);
   }
+  ispv_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nbus);
+  gineqidx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nbus);
+  ineqjacsp_idx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nbus);
+  genoffset_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nbus);
+  ngenONbus_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nbus);
 #endif
   return 0;
 }
@@ -231,6 +275,8 @@ int LINEParamsRajaHiop::copy(OPFLOW opflow) {
     resmgr.copy(gineqidx_dev_, gineqidx);
     resmgr.copy(gbineqidx_dev_, gbineqidx);
     resmgr.copy(linelimidx_dev_, linelimidx);
+    resmgr.copy(ineqjacsp_idx_dev_, ineqjacsp_idx);
+    resmgr.copy(xslackidx_dev_, xslackidx);
   }
 #else
   Gff_dev_ = Gff;
@@ -250,6 +296,8 @@ int LINEParamsRajaHiop::copy(OPFLOW opflow) {
     gineqidx_dev_ = gineqidx;
     gbineqidx_dev_ = gbineqidx;
     linelimidx_dev_ = linelimidx;
+    ineqjacsp_idx_dev_ = ineqjacsp_idx;
+    xslackidx_dev_ = xslackidx;
   }
 #endif
   return 0;
@@ -277,6 +325,8 @@ int LINEParamsRajaHiop::destroy(OPFLOW opflow) {
     h_allocator_.deallocate(gineqidx);
     h_allocator_.deallocate(gbineqidx);
     h_allocator_.deallocate(linelimidx);
+    h_allocator_.deallocate(ineqjacsp_idx);
+    h_allocator_.deallocate(xslackidx);
   }
 
 #ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
@@ -301,6 +351,8 @@ int LINEParamsRajaHiop::destroy(OPFLOW opflow) {
     d_allocator_.deallocate(gineqidx_dev_);
     d_allocator_.deallocate(gbineqidx_dev_);
     d_allocator_.deallocate(linelimidx_dev_);
+    d_allocator_.deallocate(ineqjacsp_idx_dev_);
+    d_allocator_.deallocate(xslackidx_dev_);
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -348,6 +400,8 @@ int LINEParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
     linelimidx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nlinelim);
     gineqidx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nlinelim);
     gbineqidx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nlinelim);
+    ineqjacsp_idx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nlinelim);
+    xslackidx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, nlinelim);
   }
 
   PetscInt j = 0;
@@ -391,6 +445,9 @@ int LINEParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
       gbineqidx[j] = opflow->nconeq + line->startineqloc;
       gineqidx[j] = line->startineqloc;
       linelimidx[j] = linei;
+      if (opflow->allow_lineflow_violation) {
+        xslackidx[j] = opflow->idxn2sd_map[line->startxslackloc];
+      }
       j++;
     }
 
@@ -420,6 +477,8 @@ int LINEParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
     gineqidx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nlinelim);
     gbineqidx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nlinelim);
     linelimidx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nlinelim);
+    ineqjacsp_idx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nlinelim);
+    xslackidx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, nlinelim);
   }
 #endif
   return 0;
@@ -558,7 +617,10 @@ int GENParamsRajaHiop::destroy(OPFLOW opflow) {
   h_allocator_.deallocate(qt);
   h_allocator_.deallocate(qb);
   h_allocator_.deallocate(isrenewable);
+  h_allocator_.deallocate(apf);
+  h_allocator_.deallocate(vs);
   h_allocator_.deallocate(xidx);
+  h_allocator_.deallocate(xpdevidx);
   h_allocator_.deallocate(gidxbus);
   h_allocator_.deallocate(eqjacspbus_idx);
   h_allocator_.deallocate(eqjacsqbus_idx);
@@ -581,7 +643,10 @@ int GENParamsRajaHiop::destroy(OPFLOW opflow) {
   d_allocator_.deallocate(qt_dev_);
   d_allocator_.deallocate(qb_dev_);
   d_allocator_.deallocate(isrenewable_dev_);
+  d_allocator_.deallocate(apf_dev_);
+  d_allocator_.deallocate(vs_dev_);
   d_allocator_.deallocate(xidx_dev_);
+  d_allocator_.deallocate(xpdevidx_dev_);
   d_allocator_.deallocate(gidxbus_dev_);
   d_allocator_.deallocate(eqjacspbus_idx_dev_);
   d_allocator_.deallocate(eqjacsqbus_idx_dev_);
@@ -615,8 +680,11 @@ int GENParamsRajaHiop::copy(OPFLOW opflow) {
   resmgr.copy(qt_dev_, qt);
   resmgr.copy(qb_dev_, qb);
   resmgr.copy(isrenewable_dev_, isrenewable);
+  resmgr.copy(apf_dev_, apf);
+  resmgr.copy(vs_dev_, vs);
 
   resmgr.copy(xidx_dev_, xidx);
+  resmgr.copy(xpdevidx_dev_, xpdevidx);
   resmgr.copy(gidxbus_dev_, gidxbus);
 
   resmgr.copy(eqjacspbus_idx_dev_, eqjacspbus_idx);
@@ -639,7 +707,10 @@ int GENParamsRajaHiop::copy(OPFLOW opflow) {
   qt_dev_ = qt;
   qb_dev_ = qb;
   isrenewable_dev_ = isrenewable;
+  apf_dev_ = apf;
+  vs_dev_ = vs;
   xidx_dev_ = xidx;
+  xpdevidx_dev_ = xpdevidx;
   gidxbus_dev_ = gidxbus;
   eqjacspbus_idx_dev_ = eqjacspbus_idx;
   eqjacsqbus_idx_dev_ = eqjacsqbus_idx;
@@ -682,8 +753,11 @@ int GENParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
   qt = paramAlloc<double>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
   qb = paramAlloc<double>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
   isrenewable = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
+  apf = paramAlloc<double>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
+  vs = paramAlloc<double>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
 
   xidx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
+  xpdevidx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
   gidxbus = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
 
   eqjacspbus_idx = paramAlloc<int>(h_allocator_, ngenON);
@@ -720,11 +794,16 @@ int GENParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
       qt[geni] = gen->qt;
       qb[geni] = gen->qb;
       isrenewable[geni] = (int)gen->isrenewable;
+      apf[geni] = gen->apf;
+      vs[geni] = gen->vs;
       if (opflow->has_gensetpoint) {
         pgs[geni] = gen->pgs;
       }
 
       xidx[geni] = opflow->idxn2sd_map[loc];
+      xpdevidx[geni] = (opflow->has_gensetpoint && !gen->isrenewable)
+                           ? opflow->idxn2sd_map[gen->startxpdevloc]
+                           : -1;
       gidxbus[geni] = gloc;
       if (opflow->has_gensetpoint) {
         geqidxgen[geni] = gen->starteqloc;
@@ -748,8 +827,11 @@ int GENParamsRajaHiop::allocate(OPFLOW opflow) {
   qt_dev_ = paramAlloc<double>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
   qb_dev_ = paramAlloc<double>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
   isrenewable_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
+  apf_dev_ = paramAlloc<double>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
+  vs_dev_ = paramAlloc<double>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
 
   xidx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
+  xpdevidx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
   gidxbus_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
 
   eqjacspbus_idx_dev_ = paramAlloc<int>(d_allocator_, ngenON);
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.h b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.h
index 91f1fb9f..d274f990 100644
--- a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.h
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.h
@@ -28,7 +28,12 @@ struct BUSParamsRajaHiop {
                       vector */
   int *jacsp_idx;  /* Location number in the sparse Jacobian for Pimb */
   int *jacsq_idx;  /* Location number in the sparse Jacobian for Qimb */
-  int *hesssp_idx; /* Location number in the Hessian */
+  int *hesssp_idx; /* KS: Hessian indices */
+  int *ispv;       /* KS: ispv[i] = 1 if bus is PV bus */
+  int *gineqidx;   /* KS: starting position of bus ineq constraints */
+  int *ineqjacsp_idx; /* KS: index in flat sparse ineq Jacobian array */
+  int *genoffset;     /* KS: Offset into flattened gen array for this bus */
+  int *ngenONbus;     /* KS: Number of ON generators on this bus */
 
   // Device data
   int *isref_dev_;      /* isref[i] = 1 if bus is reference bus */
@@ -46,9 +51,14 @@ struct BUSParamsRajaHiop {
                          X vector */
   int *gidx_dev_; /* starting locations for bus balance equations in constraint
                      vector */
-  int *jacsp_idx_dev_;  /* Location number in the sparse Jacobian for Pimb */
-  int *jacsq_idx_dev_;  /* Location number in the sparse Jacobian for Qimb */
-  int *hesssp_idx_dev_; /* Location number in the Hessian */
+  int *jacsp_idx_dev_;     /* Location number in the sparse Jacobian for Pimb */
+  int *jacsq_idx_dev_;     /* Location number in the sparse Jacobian for Qimb */
+  int *hesssp_idx_dev_;    /* Location number in the Hessian */
+  int *ispv_dev_;          /* KS: dev counterpart of ispv */
+  int *gineqidx_dev_;      /* KS: dev counterpart of gineqidx */
+  int *ineqjacsp_idx_dev_; /* KS: device counterpart of ineqjacsp_idx_ */
+  int *genoffset_dev_;     /* KS: dev counterpart of genoffset */
+  int *ngenONbus_dev_;     /* KS: dev counterpart of ngenONbus */
 
   int allocate(OPFLOW);
   int destroy(OPFLOW);
@@ -72,9 +82,12 @@ struct GENParamsRajaHiop {
   double *qt;         /* min. reactive power gen. limits */
   double *qb;         /* max. reactive power gen. limits */
   double *pgs;        /* real power output setpoint */
+  double *apf;        /* generator AGC participation factor */
+  double *vs;         /* voltage setpoint */
   int *isrenewable;   /* Is renewable generator? */
 
-  int *xidx; /* starting locations in X vector */
+  int *xidx;     /* starting locations in X vector */
+  int *xpdevidx; /* KS: tarting locations of deviation variables in X vector */
   int *
       gidxbus; /* starting locations in constraint vector for bus constraints */
   int *geqidxgen;    /* starting locations in equality constraint vector for gen
@@ -104,9 +117,12 @@ struct GENParamsRajaHiop {
   double *qt_dev_;         /* min. reactive power gen. limits */
   double *qb_dev_;         /* max. reactive power gen. limits */
   double *pgs_dev_;        /* real power output setpoint */
+  double *apf_dev_;        /* KS: device counterpart of apf */
+  double *vs_dev_;         /* KS: device counterpart of vs */
   int *isrenewable_dev_;   /* Is renewable generator? */
 
   int *xidx_dev_;        /* starting locations in X vector */
+  int *xpdevidx_dev_;    /* KS: device coutnerpart of xpdevidx*/
   int *gidxbus_dev_;     /* starting locations in constraint vector for bus
                             constraints */
   int *geqidxgen_dev_;   /* starting locations in equality constraint vector for
@@ -143,7 +159,7 @@ struct LOADParamsRajaHiop {
   double *pl;               /* active power demand */
   double *ql;               /* reactive power demand */
   double *loadloss_penalty; /* Penalty for load loss */
-  int *xidx;                /* starting location in X vector */
+  int *xidx;                /* KS: starting location in X vector */
   int *gidx;                /* starting location in constraint vector */
 
   /* The following members are only used with HIOP */
@@ -192,9 +208,11 @@ struct LINEParamsRajaHiop {
                     contribution in constraints vector */
   int *gineqidx; /* Starting location to insert contribution to inequality
                     constraint */
-  int *gbineqidx;  /* Starting location to insert contribution to inequality
-                      constraint bound */
-  int *linelimidx; /* Indices for subset of lines that have finite limits */
+  int *gbineqidx;     /* Starting location to insert contribution to inequality
+                         constraint bound */
+  int *linelimidx;    /* Indices for subset of lines that have finite limits */
+  int *ineqjacsp_idx; /* KS: Position in flat sparse ineq Jacobian array */
+  int *xslackidx;     /* Starting location of slack variables in X vector */
 
   // Device data
   double *Gff_dev_;    /* From side self conductance */
@@ -218,6 +236,8 @@ struct LINEParamsRajaHiop {
                           constraint bound */
   int *
       linelimidx_dev_; /* Indices for subset of lines that have finite limits */
+  int *ineqjacsp_idx_dev_; /* KS: Position in flat sparse ineq Jacobian array */
+  int *xslackidx_dev_; /* Starting location of slack variables in X vector */
 
   int allocate(OPFLOW);
   int destroy(OPFLOW);
@@ -248,6 +268,9 @@ struct PbpolModelRajaHiop : public _p_FormPBPOLRAJAHIOP {
   LINEParamsRajaHiop lineparams;
   BUSParamsRajaHiop busparams;
 
+  int agc_xidx; /* KS: X-vector index for the AGC delta-P variable
+                   (ps->startxloc) */
+
   // Arrays to store Jacobian and Hessian indices and entries on CPU (used with
   // GPU sparse model)
   int *i_jaceq,
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolhiopkernels.cpp b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolhiopkernels.cpp
index 7f396acb..c1f6e70c 100644
--- a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolhiopkernels.cpp
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolhiopkernels.cpp
@@ -170,10 +170,10 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetConstraintBoundsArray_PBPOLHIOP(OPFLOW opflow,
   /* Inequality constraints */
   for (i = 0; i < lineparams->nlinelim; i++) {
     int j = lineparams->linelimidx[i];
-    gl[lineparams->gbineqidx[i]] = 0.0;
+    gl[lineparams->gbineqidx[i]] = PETSC_NINFINITY;
     gu[lineparams->gbineqidx[i]] = (lineparams->rateA[j] / ps->MVAbase) *
                                    (lineparams->rateA[j] / ps->MVAbase);
-    gl[lineparams->gbineqidx[i] + 1] = 0.0;
+    gl[lineparams->gbineqidx[i] + 1] = PETSC_NINFINITY;
     gu[lineparams->gbineqidx[i] + 1] = (lineparams->rateA[j] / ps->MVAbase) *
                                        (lineparams->rateA[j] / ps->MVAbase);
   }
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopkernels.cpp b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopkernels.cpp
index 0aa506bb..37772894 100644
--- a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopkernels.cpp
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopkernels.cpp
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetConstraintBoundsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOP(OPFLOW opflow,
         RAJA::RangeSegment(0, lineparams->nlinelim),
         RAJA_LAMBDA(RAJA::Index_type i) {
           int j = linelimidx[i];
-          gl_dev[gbineqidx[i]] = 0.0;
+          gl_dev[gbineqidx[i]] = PETSC_NINFINITY;
           gu_dev[gbineqidx[i]] = (rateA[j] / MVAbase) * (rateA[j] / MVAbase);
-          gl_dev[gbineqidx[i] + 1] = 0.0;
+          gl_dev[gbineqidx[i] + 1] = PETSC_NINFINITY;
           gu_dev[gbineqidx[i] + 1] =
               (rateA[j] / MVAbase) * (rateA[j] / MVAbase);
         });
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse.cpp b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse.cpp
index fa609378..cac87986 100644
--- a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse.cpp
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse.cpp
@@ -6,11 +6,20 @@
 #include <private/opflowimpl.h>
 #include "pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.hpp"
 
-/* Initialization is done on the host through this function. Copying over values
+/**
+ * @brief `extern` initial guess function from PBPOL model.
+ *
+ * Initialization is done on the host through this function. Copying over values
  * to the device is done in OPFLOWSetInitialGuessArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE
  */
 extern PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetInitialGuess_PBPOL(OPFLOW, Vec, Vec);
 
+/**
+ * @brief Set the initial guess for the PBPOL model with Raja and HiOp sparse.
+ *
+ * This function sets the initial guess by calling the same function from
+ * the PBPOL model.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetInitialGuess_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow, Vec X,
                                                          Vec Lambda) {
   PetscErrorCode ierr;
@@ -23,9 +32,14 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetInitialGuess_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow, Vec X,
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/// @brief `extern` constraint bounds function from PBPOL model.
 extern PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetConstraintBounds_PBPOL(OPFLOW, Vec, Vec);
 
-/* The constraint bounds are also calculated on the host.
+/**
+ * @brief Set the constraint bounds for the PBPOLHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * The constraint bounds are also calculated on the host by matching function
+ * from PBPOL model.
  */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetConstraintBounds_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow,
                                                              Vec Gl, Vec Gu) {
@@ -37,9 +51,14 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetConstraintBounds_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow,
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/// @brief `extern` variable bounds function from PBPOL model.
 extern PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetVariableBounds_PBPOL(OPFLOW, Vec, Vec);
 
-/* The variable bounds are also calculated on the host.
+/**
+ * @brief Set the variable bounds for the PBPOLHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * The variable bounds are also calculated on the host by matching function
+ * from PBPOL model.
  */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetVariableBounds_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow,
                                                            Vec Xl, Vec Xu) {
@@ -51,6 +70,10 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetVariableBounds_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow,
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Store PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE solution to the PS structure.
+ *
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSolutionToPS_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
   PetscErrorCode ierr;
   PS ps = (PS)opflow->ps;
@@ -99,8 +122,8 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSolutionToPS_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
 
     if (opflow->include_powerimbalance_variables) {
       loc = bus->startxpimbloc;
-      bus->pimb = x[loc];
-      bus->qimb = x[loc + 1];
+      bus->pimb = x[loc] - x[loc + 1];
+      bus->qimb = x[loc + 2] - x[loc + 3];
     }
 
     for (k = 0; k < bus->ngen; k++) {
@@ -115,7 +138,7 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSolutionToPS_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
       gen->pg = x[loc];
       gen->qg = x[loc + 1];
 
-      if (opflow->has_gensetpoint) {
+      if (opflow->has_gensetpoint && !gen->isrenewable) {
         gloc += gen->nconeq;
       }
     }
@@ -125,8 +148,8 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSolutionToPS_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
         ierr = PSBUSGetLoad(bus, k, &load);
         CHKERRQ(ierr);
         loc = load->startxloadlossloc;
-        load->pl = load->pl - x[loc];
-        load->ql = load->ql - x[loc + 1];
+        load->pl_loss = x[loc];
+        load->ql_loss = x[loc + 1];
       }
     }
   }
@@ -199,10 +222,20 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSolutionToPS_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
 }
 
 /* Reuse PBPOL model set up for obtaining locations */
+/// @brief `extern` set up function from PBPOL model.
 extern PetscErrorCode OPFLOWModelSetUp_PBPOL(OPFLOW);
 
+/** @brief Set up the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * This function initializes the host objects for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE
+ * model by calling the corresponding function from the PBPOL model, and then
+ * allocates structures with device data, defined in `paramsrajahiop.cpp`.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWModelSetUp_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
   PetscErrorCode ierr;
+
+  // This struct is defined in `paramsrajahiop.h`. It inherits from
+  // _p_FormPBPOLRAJAHIOP, which is unwise mixture of C and C++ approaches.
   PbpolModelRajaHiop *pbpolrajahiopsparse =
       reinterpret_cast<PbpolModelRajaHiop *>(opflow->model);
 
@@ -221,9 +254,85 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWModelSetUp_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
   LOADParamsRajaHiop *loadparams = &pbpolrajahiopsparse->loadparams;
   LINEParamsRajaHiop *lineparams = &pbpolrajahiopsparse->lineparams;
 
-  /* Need to compute the number of nonzeros in equality, inequality constraint
-   * Jacobians and Hessian */
+  PS ps = opflow->ps;
+  PSBUS bus;
+  PSGEN gen;
+  PSLINE line;
+  PetscInt i, k;
+
+  /* KS: Store the AGC variable index (scalar) */
+  if (opflow->use_agc) {
+    pbpolrajahiopsparse->agc_xidx = opflow->idxn2sd_map[ps->startxloc];
+  } else {
+    pbpolrajahiopsparse->agc_xidx = -1;
+  }
+
+  /* KS: Compute the number of nonzeros in equality, inequality constraint
+   * Jacobians and Hessian. Equality and Hessian counts are still obtained
+   * from PETSc via get_sparse_blocks_info; inequality count is computed
+   * axplicitly so we can skip PETSc */
   int nnz_eqjacsp = 0, nnz_ineqjacsp = 0, nnz_hesssp = 0;
+
+  /*
+   * KS: Count inequality Jacobian non-zeros. The traversal order must match
+   * the startineqloc assignment in OPFLOWModelSetUp_PBPOL: for each bus
+   * (bus ineq, then gen ineq), then for each line.
+   */
+  int geni = 0, gi;
+  for (i = 0; i < ps->nbus; i++) {
+    bus = &ps->bus[i];
+
+    /* Bus voltage-Q-bounds constraints (FIXED_WITHIN_QBOUNDS) */
+    if (opflow->genbusvoltagetype == FIXED_WITHIN_QBOUNDS) {
+      if (bus->ide == PV_BUS || bus->ide == REF_BUS) {
+        busparams->ineqjacsp_idx[i] = nnz_ineqjacsp;
+        /* 2 rows, each with ngenON + 1 entries (one per gen Qg + one for V) */
+        nnz_ineqjacsp += 2 * (bus->ngenON + 1);
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* KS: Generator set-point constraints */
+    gi = 0;
+    if (opflow->has_gensetpoint) {
+      for (k = 0; k < bus->ngen; k++) {
+        ierr = PSBUSGetGen(bus, k, &gen);
+        CHKERRQ(ierr);
+        if (!gen->status)
+          continue;
+        if (!gen->isrenewable) {
+          genparams->ineqjacspgen_idx[geni + gi] = nnz_ineqjacsp;
+          if (opflow->use_agc) {
+            nnz_ineqjacsp += 6; /* 2 rows x 3 entries (Pg, delPg, delP) */
+          }
+        }
+        gi++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    geni += bus->ngenON;
+  }
+
+  /* Line flow constraints */
+  int linej = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < ps->nline; i++) {
+    line = &ps->line[i];
+    if (!line->status)
+      continue;
+    if (line->isdcline)
+      continue;
+
+    if (linej < opflow->nlinesmon && opflow->linesmon[linej] == i) {
+      lineparams->ineqjacsp_idx[linej] = nnz_ineqjacsp;
+      /* 2 rows x 4 entries (thetaf, Vmf, thetat, Vmt) */
+      int entries_per_line = 8;
+      if (opflow->allow_lineflow_violation) {
+        entries_per_line += 2; /* 1 slack entry per row */
+      }
+      nnz_ineqjacsp += entries_per_line;
+      linej++;
+    }
+  }
+
   opflow->nnz_eqjacsp = nnz_eqjacsp;
   opflow->nnz_ineqjacsp = nnz_ineqjacsp;
   opflow->nnz_hesssp = nnz_hesssp;
@@ -236,6 +345,10 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWModelSetUp_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Destructor for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWModelDestroy_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
   PbpolModelRajaHiop *pbpolrajahiopsparse =
       reinterpret_cast<PbpolModelRajaHiop *>(opflow->model);
@@ -264,10 +377,22 @@ extern PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSolutionCallback_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW, const double *, const double *, const double *, const double *,
     const double *, double);
 
+/**
+ * @brief Constructor for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * This function creates a new PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model and sets pointers
+ * to the model's methods implementations.
+ *
+ * @param opflow The pointer to the object to instantiate.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWModelCreate_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow) {
 
   PetscFunctionBegin;
 
+  // This may be confusing: The class PbpolModelRajaHiop is a sparse model
+  // using HiOp solver, but is implemented in file with HiOp mixed dense-sparse
+  // model implementation.
   PbpolModelRajaHiop *pbpolrajahiopsparse = new PbpolModelRajaHiop();
 
   opflow->model = pbpolrajahiopsparse;
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.cpp b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..05705a35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+
+#include <exago_config.h>
+
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA)
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
+
+#include <RAJA/RAJA.hpp>
+#include <private/raja_exec_config.h>
+
+#include "pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.hpp"
+
+void ComputeIneqJacValuesGPU_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow,
+                                                 const double *x_dev,
+                                                 double *jacd_dev) {
+  PbpolModelRajaHiop *pbpolrajahiopsparse =
+      reinterpret_cast<PbpolModelRajaHiop *>(opflow->model);
+  GENParamsRajaHiop *genparams = &pbpolrajahiopsparse->genparams;
+  BUSParamsRajaHiop *busparams = &pbpolrajahiopsparse->busparams;
+
+  /*
+   * Generator set-point inequality Jacobian (has_gensetpoint && use_agc).
+   *
+   * PETSc reference (pbpol.cpp:1191-1232):
+   *   Row gloc:   [apf*delP - delPg,  -(Pg - pt),  apf*(Pg - pt)]
+   *   Row gloc+1: [apf*delP - delPg,  (pb - Pg),  -apf*(pb - Pg)]
+   *
+   * Flat array layout per generator (6 entries):
+   *   [0..2] = row 0 values (Pg, delPg, delP columns)
+   *   [3..5] = row 1 values (Pg, delPg, delP columns)
+   */
+  if (opflow->has_gensetpoint && opflow->use_agc) {
+    int *g_ineqjacsp_idx = genparams->ineqjacspgen_idx_dev_;
+    int *g_xidx = genparams->xidx_dev_;
+    int *g_xpdevidx = genparams->xpdevidx_dev_;
+    int *g_isrenewable = genparams->isrenewable_dev_;
+    double *g_apf = genparams->apf_dev_;
+    double *g_pt = genparams->pt_dev_;
+    double *g_pb = genparams->pb_dev_;
+    int agc_xidx = pbpolrajahiopsparse->agc_xidx;
+
+    RAJA::forall<exago_raja_exec>(
+        RAJA::RangeSegment(0, genparams->ngenON),
+        RAJA_LAMBDA(RAJA::Index_type i) {
+          if (g_isrenewable[i])
+            return;
+
+          int base = g_ineqjacsp_idx[i];
+          double Pg = x_dev[g_xidx[i]];
+          double delPg = x_dev[g_xpdevidx[i]];
+          double delP = x_dev[agc_xidx];
+          double apf = g_apf[i];
+          double pt = g_pt[i];
+          double pb = g_pb[i];
+
+          double apf_delP_minus_delPg = apf * delP - delPg;
+
+          /* Row 0: d/d{Pg, delPg, delP} of (apf*delP - delPg)*(Pg - pt) */
+          jacd_dev[base + 0] = apf_delP_minus_delPg;
+          jacd_dev[base + 1] = -(Pg - pt);
+          jacd_dev[base + 2] = apf * (Pg - pt);
+
+          /* Row 1: d/d{Pg, delPg, delP} of (delPg - apf*delP)*(pb - Pg) */
+          jacd_dev[base + 3] = apf_delP_minus_delPg;
+          jacd_dev[base + 4] = pb - Pg;
+          jacd_dev[base + 5] = -apf * (pb - Pg);
+        });
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * FIXED_WITHIN_QBOUNDS voltage constraint Jacobian.
+   *
+   * PETSc reference (pbpol.cpp:1235-1278):
+   *   For each PV/REF bus with ngenON generators:
+   *     Row 0 (gloc):   [Vset_0-V, Vset_1-V, ..., Qmax-Q]
+   *     Row 1 (gloc+1): [Vset_0-V, Vset_1-V, ..., Qmin-Q]
+   *
+   * Flat array layout per bus (2 * (ngenON + 1) entries):
+   *   Row 0: ngenON Qg derivative entries + 1 V derivative entry
+   *   Row 1: ngenON Qg derivative entries + 1 V derivative entry
+   *
+   * This kernel parallelizes over buses. The inner loop over generators
+   * is sequential within each thread (variable-length per bus).
+   */
+  if (opflow->genbusvoltagetype == FIXED_WITHIN_QBOUNDS) {
+    int *b_ispv = busparams->ispv_dev_;
+    int *b_isref = busparams->isref_dev_;
+    int *b_xidx = busparams->xidx_dev_;
+    int *b_ineqjacsp_idx = busparams->ineqjacsp_idx_dev_;
+    int *b_genoffset = busparams->genoffset_dev_;
+    int *b_ngenONbus = busparams->ngenONbus_dev_;
+    int *g_xidx = genparams->xidx_dev_;
+    double *g_qt = genparams->qt_dev_;
+    double *g_qb = genparams->qb_dev_;
+    double *g_vs = genparams->vs_dev_;
+
+    RAJA::forall<exago_raja_exec>(
+        RAJA::RangeSegment(0, busparams->nbus),
+        RAJA_LAMBDA(RAJA::Index_type i) {
+          if (!b_ispv[i] && !b_isref[i])
+            return;
+
+          int base = b_ineqjacsp_idx[i];
+          int ngen = b_ngenONbus[i];
+          int goff = b_genoffset[i];
+          double V = x_dev[b_xidx[i] + 1];
+
+          double Q = 0.0, Qmax = 0.0, Qmin = 0.0;
+          double Vset = 0.0;
+
+          /* Row 0 and Row 1: Qg derivative entries */
+          for (int k = 0; k < ngen; k++) {
+            int gidx = goff + k;
+            double Qg = x_dev[g_xidx[gidx] + 1];
+            Q += Qg;
+            Qmax += g_qt[gidx];
+            Qmin += g_qb[gidx];
+            Vset = g_vs[gidx];
+
+            double dQg = Vset - V;
+            /* Row 0 entry for this gen's Qg */
+            jacd_dev[base + k] = dQg;
+            /* Row 1 entry for this gen's Qg */
+            jacd_dev[base + ngen + 1 + k] = dQg;
+          }
+
+          /* Row 0: V derivative entry (last in this row) */
+          jacd_dev[base + ngen] = Qmax - Q;
+          /* Row 1: V derivative entry (last in this row) */
+          jacd_dev[base + ngen + 1 + ngen] = Qmin - Q;
+        });
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Line flow constraint Jacobian.
+   *
+   * Computes dSf2/d{thetaf,Vmf,thetat,Vmt} and dSt2/d{thetaf,Vmf,thetat,Vmt}
+   * for each monitored line, plus optional slack variable entries (-1.0).
+   *
+   * Flat array layout per line (8 entries without slack, 10 with):
+   *   Row 0 (Sf2): [dSf2_dthetaf, dSf2_dVmf, dSf2_dthetat, dSf2_dVmt,
+   *                  (-1.0 if slack)]
+   *   Row 1 (St2): [dSt2_dthetaf, dSt2_dVmf, dSt2_dthetat, dSt2_dVmt,
+   *                  (-1.0 if slack)]
+   */
+  LINEParamsRajaHiop *lineparams = &pbpolrajahiopsparse->lineparams;
+
+  if (lineparams->nlinelim) {
+    double *Gff_arr = lineparams->Gff_dev_;
+    double *Bff_arr = lineparams->Bff_dev_;
+    double *Gft_arr = lineparams->Gft_dev_;
+    double *Bft_arr = lineparams->Bft_dev_;
+    double *Gtf_arr = lineparams->Gtf_dev_;
+    double *Btf_arr = lineparams->Btf_dev_;
+    double *Gtt_arr = lineparams->Gtt_dev_;
+    double *Btt_arr = lineparams->Btt_dev_;
+    int *linelimidx = lineparams->linelimidx_dev_;
+    int *xidxf = lineparams->xidxf_dev_;
+    int *xidxt = lineparams->xidxt_dev_;
+    int *ineqjacsp_idx = lineparams->ineqjacsp_idx_dev_;
+    int has_slack = (int)opflow->allow_lineflow_violation;
+    int row_stride = 4 + has_slack;
+
+    RAJA::forall<exago_raja_exec>(
+        RAJA::RangeSegment(0, lineparams->nlinelim),
+        RAJA_LAMBDA(RAJA::Index_type i) {
+          int j = linelimidx[i];
+          int base = ineqjacsp_idx[i];
+
+          double thetaf = x_dev[xidxf[j]];
+          double Vmf = x_dev[xidxf[j] + 1];
+          double thetat = x_dev[xidxt[j]];
+          double Vmt = x_dev[xidxt[j] + 1];
+          double thetaft = thetaf - thetat;
+          double thetatf = thetat - thetaf;
+
+          double Gff = Gff_arr[j], Bff = Bff_arr[j];
+          double Gft = Gft_arr[j], Bft = Bft_arr[j];
+          double Gtf = Gtf_arr[j], Btf = Btf_arr[j];
+          double Gtt = Gtt_arr[j], Btt = Btt_arr[j];
+
+          double sin_ft = sin(thetaft), cos_ft = cos(thetaft);
+          double sin_tf = sin(thetatf), cos_tf = cos(thetatf);
+
+          double Pf =
+              Gff * Vmf * Vmf + Vmf * Vmt * (Gft * cos_ft + Bft * sin_ft);
+          double Qf =
+              -Bff * Vmf * Vmf + Vmf * Vmt * (-Bft * cos_ft + Gft * sin_ft);
+          double Pt =
+              Gtt * Vmt * Vmt + Vmt * Vmf * (Gtf * cos_tf + Btf * sin_tf);
+          double Qt =
+              -Btt * Vmt * Vmt + Vmt * Vmf * (-Btf * cos_tf + Gtf * sin_tf);
+
+          double dSf2_dPf = 2 * Pf, dSf2_dQf = 2 * Qf;
+          double dSt2_dPt = 2 * Pt, dSt2_dQt = 2 * Qt;
+
+          double dPf_dthetaf = Vmf * Vmt * (-Gft * sin_ft + Bft * cos_ft);
+          double dPf_dVmf = 2 * Gff * Vmf + Vmt * (Gft * cos_ft + Bft * sin_ft);
+          double dPf_dthetat = Vmf * Vmt * (Gft * sin_ft - Bft * cos_ft);
+          double dPf_dVmt = Vmf * (Gft * cos_ft + Bft * sin_ft);
+
+          double dQf_dthetaf = Vmf * Vmt * (Bft * sin_ft + Gft * cos_ft);
+          double dQf_dVmf =
+              -2 * Bff * Vmf + Vmt * (-Bft * cos_ft + Gft * sin_ft);
+          double dQf_dthetat = Vmf * Vmt * (-Bft * sin_ft - Gft * cos_ft);
+          double dQf_dVmt = Vmf * (-Bft * cos_ft + Gft * sin_ft);
+
+          double dPt_dthetat = Vmt * Vmf * (-Gtf * sin_tf + Btf * cos_tf);
+          double dPt_dVmt = 2 * Gtt * Vmt + Vmf * (Gtf * cos_tf + Btf * sin_tf);
+          double dPt_dthetaf = Vmt * Vmf * (Gtf * sin_tf - Btf * cos_tf);
+          double dPt_dVmf = Vmt * (Gtf * cos_tf + Btf * sin_tf);
+
+          double dQt_dthetat = Vmt * Vmf * (Btf * sin_tf + Gtf * cos_tf);
+          double dQt_dVmt =
+              -2 * Btt * Vmt + Vmf * (-Btf * cos_tf + Gtf * sin_tf);
+          double dQt_dthetaf = Vmt * Vmf * (-Btf * sin_tf - Gtf * cos_tf);
+          double dQt_dVmf = Vmt * (-Btf * cos_tf + Gtf * sin_tf);
+
+          /* Row 0 (Sf2): derivatives w.r.t. thetaf, Vmf, thetat, Vmt */
+          jacd_dev[base + 0] = dSf2_dPf * dPf_dthetaf + dSf2_dQf * dQf_dthetaf;
+          jacd_dev[base + 1] = dSf2_dPf * dPf_dVmf + dSf2_dQf * dQf_dVmf;
+          jacd_dev[base + 2] = dSf2_dPf * dPf_dthetat + dSf2_dQf * dQf_dthetat;
+          jacd_dev[base + 3] = dSf2_dPf * dPf_dVmt + dSf2_dQf * dQf_dVmt;
+
+          /* Row 1 (St2): derivatives w.r.t. thetaf, Vmf, thetat, Vmt */
+          jacd_dev[base + row_stride + 0] =
+              dSt2_dPt * dPt_dthetaf + dSt2_dQt * dQt_dthetaf;
+          jacd_dev[base + row_stride + 1] =
+              dSt2_dPt * dPt_dVmf + dSt2_dQt * dQt_dVmf;
+          jacd_dev[base + row_stride + 2] =
+              dSt2_dPt * dPt_dthetat + dSt2_dQt * dQt_dthetat;
+          jacd_dev[base + row_stride + 3] =
+              dSt2_dPt * dPt_dVmt + dSt2_dQt * dQt_dVmt;
+
+          /* Slack variable entries (Step 5) */
+          if (has_slack) {
+            jacd_dev[base + 4] = -1.0;
+            jacd_dev[base + row_stride + 4] = -1.0;
+          }
+        });
+  }
+}
+
+#endif // EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE
+#endif // EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.hpp b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..938686a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#include <exago_config.h>
+
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA)
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <private/opflowimpl.h>
+#include "pbpolrajahiopsparse.hpp"
+
+/**
+ * GPU-only (PETSc-free) computation of inequality constraint Jacobian values.
+ *
+ * Replaces the PETSc-based path that calls
+ * opflow->modelops.computeinequalityconstraintjacobian followed by
+ * MatGetRow extraction. Writes directly into device memory using RAJA
+ * kernels, without PETSc Mat/Vec operations; no H2D, D2H copies back and forth.
+ *
+ * @param opflow     The OPFLOW problem context
+ * @param x_dev      Device array of variable values
+ * @param jacd_dev   Device output array for inequality Jacobian values
+ *                   (points to the ineq portion of the sparse Jacobian,
+ *                    i.e. MJacS_dev + nnz_eqjacsp)
+ */
+void ComputeIneqJacValuesGPU_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow,
+                                                 const double *x_dev,
+                                                 double *jacd_dev);
+
+#endif // EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE
+#endif // EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.cpp b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.cpp
index adc10c8e..efddb6f6 100644
--- a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.cpp
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,17 @@
 #include <private/opflowimpl.h>
 #include "pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.hpp"
 #include "pbpolrajahiopsparse.hpp"
-
+#include "pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.hpp"
+
+/**
+ * @brief Set the initial guess array for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * Sets the inital guess on the host and copies it to `x0_dev`.
+ *
+ * @param opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param x0_dev The device array for the initial guess.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetInitialGuessArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow,
                                                               double *x0_dev) {
   PetscErrorCode ierr;
@@ -43,6 +53,17 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetInitialGuessArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow,
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Set the variable bounds arrays for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * Sets lower and upper variable bounds on the host and copies them to `xl_dev`
+ * and `xu_dev`, respectively.
+ *
+ * @param opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param xl_dev The device array for the lower constraint bounds.
+ * @param xu_dev The device array for the upper constraint bounds.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode
 OPFLOWSetVariableBoundsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow, double *xl_dev,
                                                  double *xu_dev) {
@@ -75,6 +96,17 @@ OPFLOWSetVariableBoundsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(OPFLOW opflow, double *xl_dev,
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Set the constraint bounds arrays for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * Sets the constraint bounds on the host and copies them to `gl_dev` and
+ * `gu_dev`.
+ *
+ * @param opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param gl_dev The device array for the lower constraint bounds.
+ * @param gu_dev The device array for the upper constraint bounds.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetConstraintBoundsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW opflow, double *gl_dev, double *gu_dev) {
 
@@ -110,11 +142,24 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWSetConstraintBoundsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
-/** EQUALITY CONSTRAINTS */
+/**
+ * @brief Compute the equality constraints residual for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE
+ * model.
+ *
+ * Computes the equality constraints on the device using the current iterate
+ * `x_dev` and stores the result in `ge_dev`.
+ *
+ * @param opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param x_dev The device array for the current solutioniterate.
+ * @param ge_dev The device array for the equality constraint residuals.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeEqualityConstraintsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW opflow, const double *x_dev, double *ge_dev) {
   PbpolModelRajaHiop *pbpolrajahiopsparse =
       reinterpret_cast<PbpolModelRajaHiop *>(opflow->model);
+
+  // Get device pointers for model parameters
   BUSParamsRajaHiop *busparams = &pbpolrajahiopsparse->busparams;
   GENParamsRajaHiop *genparams = &pbpolrajahiopsparse->genparams;
   LOADParamsRajaHiop *loadparams = &pbpolrajahiopsparse->loadparams;
@@ -128,7 +173,7 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeEqualityConstraintsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionBegin;
   //  PetscPrintf(MPI_COMM_SELF,"Entered Equality constraints\n");
 
-  // Zero out array
+  // Zero out array with constraint residuals
   auto &resmgr = umpire::ResourceManager::getInstance();
   resmgr.memset(ge_dev, 0, opflow->nconeq * sizeof(double));
 
@@ -263,7 +308,18 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeEqualityConstraintsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
-/** INEQUALITY CONSTRAINTS **/
+/**
+ * @brief Compute the inequality constraints residual for the
+ * PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * Computes the inequality constraints on the device using the current solution
+ * iterate `x_dev` and stores the result in `gi_dev`.
+ *
+ * @param opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param x_dev The device array for the current solution iterate.
+ * @param gi_dev The device array for the inequality constraint residuals.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeInequalityConstraintsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW opflow, const double *x_dev, double *gi_dev) {
   PbpolModelRajaHiop *pbpolrajahiopsparse =
@@ -275,7 +331,7 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeInequalityConstraintsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionBegin;
   //  PetscPrintf(MPI_COMM_SELF,"Entered Inequality Constraints\n");
 
-  // Zero out array
+  // Zero out residual array
   auto &resmgr = umpire::ResourceManager::getInstance();
   resmgr.memset(gi_dev, 0, opflow->nconineq * sizeof(double));
 
@@ -329,10 +385,24 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeInequalityConstraintsArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
-/** OBJECTIVE FUNCTION **/
-// Note: This kernel (and all the kernels for this model assume that the data
-// has been already allocated on the device. x_dev is pointer to array on the
-// GPU
+/** @brief Compute the objective function value for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE
+ * model.
+ *
+ * Computes the objective function value on the device using the current
+ * solution iterate `x_dev` and stores the result in `obj`.
+ *
+ * @param[inout] opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param[in] x_dev The device array for the current solution iterate.
+ * @param[out] obj The pointer to the scalar with the objective function value.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ *
+ * @note This kernel (and all the kernels for this model assume that the data
+ * has been already allocated on the device. x_dev is pointer to array on the
+ * GPU.
+ *
+ * @todo We need to figure out how to manage PetscScalar vs double types in
+ * these kernels.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeObjectiveArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW opflow, const double *x_dev, double *obj) {
   PbpolModelRajaHiop *pbpolrajahiopsparse =
@@ -356,10 +426,10 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeObjectiveArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   int *l_xidx = loadparams->xidx_dev_;
   int *b_xidxpimb = busparams->xidxpimb_dev_;
 
-  /* Generator objective function contributions */
   // Set up reduce sum object
   RAJA::ReduceSum<exago_raja_reduce, double> obj_val_sum(0.0);
-  // Compute reduction on CUDA device
+
+  // Generation cost contributions to the objective function
   RAJA::forall<exago_raja_exec>(
       RAJA::RangeSegment(0, genparams->ngenON),
       RAJA_LAMBDA(RAJA::Index_type i) {
@@ -368,6 +438,7 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeObjectiveArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
                                         cost_beta[i] * Pg + cost_gamma[i]);
       });
 
+  // Load loss contributions to the objective function
   if (opflow->include_loadloss_variables) {
     RAJA::forall<exago_raja_exec>(
         RAJA::RangeSegment(0, loadparams->nload),
@@ -392,6 +463,7 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeObjectiveArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
         });
   }
 
+  // Copy value of the sum reduction to the output value.
   *obj = static_cast<double>(obj_val_sum.get());
   ierr = PetscLogFlops(genparams->ngenON * 8.0);
   CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -400,7 +472,17 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeObjectiveArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
-/** GRADIENT **/
+/** @brief Compute the gradient of the objective function for the
+ * PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * Computes the objective function gradient on the device using the
+ * current solution iterate `x_dev` and stores the result in `grad_dev`.
+ *
+ * @param opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param x_dev The device array with the current solution iterate.
+ * @param grad_dev The device array for the objective function gradient.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeGradientArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW opflow, const double *x_dev, double *grad_dev) {
   PbpolModelRajaHiop *pbpolrajahiopsparse =
@@ -468,6 +550,23 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeGradientArray_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Compute the Jacobian of the inequality constraints for the
+ * PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * Takes current iterate of the solution vector x_dev and computes the
+ * Jacobian of the inequality constraints. The solution is stored in triplet
+ * format on the device in vectors iJacS_dev, jJacS_dev, and MJacS_dev,
+ * respectively.
+ *
+ * @param[inout] opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param[in] x_dev The device array with the current solution iterate.
+ * @param[out] iJacS_dev The device array for the row indices of the Jacobian.
+ * @param[out] jJacS_dev The device array for the column indices of the
+ * Jacobian.
+ * @param[out] MJacS_dev The device array for the values of the Jacobian.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode
 OPFLOWComputeSparseInequalityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW opflow, const double *x_dev, int *iJacS_dev, int *jJacS_dev,
@@ -487,11 +586,11 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseInequalityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
 
   PetscFunctionBegin;
 
-  if (MJacS_dev == NULL) {
-    /* Set locations only */
+  // If sparsity pattern does not exist, create it!
+  if (iJacS_dev != NULL && jJacS_dev != NULL) {
 
+    // Create arrays on host to store i,j, and val arrays
     if (opflow->Nconineq) {
-      // Create arrays on host to store i,j, and val arrays
       umpire::Allocator h_allocator_ = resmgr.getAllocator("HOST");
 
       pbpolrajahiopsparse->i_jacineq =
@@ -540,45 +639,20 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseInequalityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
       ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(opflow->ineqconsjaclogger, 0, 0, 0, 0);
       CHKERRQ(ierr);
     }
-  } else {
+  }
+
+  // TODO: This is bad! If MJacS_dev is NULL, this function will quietly do
+  // nothing. We should at least throw an error or warning.
+  if (MJacS_dev != NULL) {
     if (opflow->Nconineq) {
       ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(opflow->ineqconsjaclogger, 0, 0, 0, 0);
       CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
-      ierr = VecGetArray(opflow->X, &x);
-      CHKERRQ(ierr);
-
-      // Copy from device to host
-      umpire::Allocator h_allocator_ = resmgr.getAllocator("HOST");
-      registerWith(x, opflow->nx, resmgr, h_allocator_);
-      resmgr.copy((double *)x, (double *)x_dev);
-
-      ierr = VecRestoreArray(opflow->X, &x);
-      CHKERRQ(ierr);
-
-      /* Compute inequality constraint jacobian */
-      ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computeinequalityconstraintjacobian)(
-          opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Jac_Gi);
-      CHKERRQ(ierr);
-
-      ierr = MatGetSize(opflow->Jac_Gi, &nrow, &ncol);
-      CHKERRQ(ierr);
-
-      values = pbpolrajahiopsparse->val_jacineq;
-      /* Copy over values */
-      for (i = 0; i < nrow; i++) {
-        ierr = MatGetRow(opflow->Jac_Gi, i, &nvals, &cols, &vals);
-        CHKERRQ(ierr);
-        for (j = 0; j < nvals; j++) {
-          values[j] = vals[j];
-        }
-        values += nvals;
-        ierr = MatRestoreRow(opflow->Jac_Gi, i, &nvals, &cols, &vals);
-        CHKERRQ(ierr);
-      }
-      // Copy over val_jacineq to device
-      resmgr.copy(MJacS_dev + opflow->nnz_eqjacsp,
-                  pbpolrajahiopsparse->val_jacineq);
+      /* KS: Compute inequality constraint Jacobian directly on device.
+         No H2D, D2H copies: x_dev is already on device, output goes
+         straight into the ineq portion of MJacS_dev. */
+      ComputeIneqJacValuesGPU_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
+          opflow, x_dev, MJacS_dev + opflow->nnz_eqjacsp);
 
       ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(opflow->ineqconsjaclogger, 0, 0, 0, 0);
       CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -588,6 +662,23 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseInequalityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Compute the Jacobian of the equality constraints for the
+ * PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model.
+ *
+ * Takes current iterate of the solution vector x_dev and computes the
+ * Jacobian of the equality constraints. The solution is stored in triplet
+ * format on the device in vectors iJacS_dev, jJacS_dev, and MJacS_dev,
+ * respectively.
+ *
+ * @param[inout] opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param[in]  x_dev The device array with the current solution iterate.
+ * @param[out] iJacS_dev The device array for the row indices of the Jacobian.
+ * @param[out] jJacS_dev The device array for the column indices of the
+ * Jacobian.
+ * @param[out] MJacS_dev The device array for the values of the Jacobian.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode
 OPFLOWComputeSparseEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW opflow, const double *x_dev, int *iJacS_dev, int *jJacS_dev,
@@ -607,13 +698,16 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
 
   PetscFunctionBegin;
 
-  if (MJacS_dev == NULL) {
+  // If sparsity pattern has not been created, create it.
+  // This only needs to be done once since the sparsity pattern of the Jacobian
+  // does not change during the optimization.
+  if (iJacS_dev != NULL && jJacS_dev != NULL) {
     /* Set locations only */
 
     roffset = 0;
     coffset = 0;
 
-    // Create arrays on host to store i,j, and val arrays
+    // Create arrays on the host to store i, j, and val arrays
     umpire::Allocator h_allocator_ = resmgr.getAllocator("HOST");
 
     pbpolrajahiopsparse->i_jaceq =
@@ -626,6 +720,9 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     iRowstart = pbpolrajahiopsparse->i_jaceq;
     jColstart = pbpolrajahiopsparse->j_jaceq;
 
+    // Function pointer computeequalityconstraintjacobian points to
+    // OPFLOWComputeEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOL function.
+    // Use function from PBPOL model to create the sparsity pattern.
     ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computeequalityconstraintjacobian)(
         opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Jac_Ge);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -651,7 +748,9 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     // Copy over i_jaceq and j_jaceq arrays to device
     resmgr.copy(iJacS_dev, pbpolrajahiopsparse->i_jaceq);
     resmgr.copy(jJacS_dev, pbpolrajahiopsparse->j_jaceq);
-  } else {
+  }
+
+  if (MJacS_dev != NULL) {
     ierr = PetscLogEventBegin(opflow->eqconsjaclogger, 0, 0, 0, 0);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
@@ -666,7 +765,10 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     ierr = VecRestoreArray(opflow->X, &x);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
-    /* Compute equality constraint jacobian */
+    // Compute equality constraint jacobian on the host
+    // Function pointer computeequalityconstraintjacobian points to the
+    // implementation OPFLOWComputeEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOL in the
+    // PBPOL model.
     ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computeequalityconstraintjacobian)(
         opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Jac_Ge);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -676,7 +778,8 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
 
     values = pbpolrajahiopsparse->val_jaceq;
 
-    /* Copy over values */
+    // Unpack PETSc matrix and copy values to the host array in the
+    // PbpolModelRajaHiop struct.
     for (i = 0; i < nrow; i++) {
       ierr = MatGetRow(opflow->Jac_Ge, i, &nvals, &cols, &vals);
       CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -688,7 +791,7 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
       CHKERRQ(ierr);
     }
 
-    // Copy over val_ineq to device
+    // Copy over val_jaceq to device
     resmgr.copy(MJacS_dev, pbpolrajahiopsparse->val_jaceq);
 
     ierr = PetscLogEventEnd(opflow->eqconsjaclogger, 0, 0, 0, 0);
@@ -698,6 +801,19 @@ OPFLOWComputeSparseEqualityConstraintJacobian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
   PetscFunctionReturn(0);
 }
 
+/**
+ * @brief Compute the Hessian of the Lagrangian for the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE
+ * model.
+ *
+ * @param[inout] opflow The OPFLOW object.
+ * @param[in]  x_dev The device array with the current solution iterate.
+ * @param[out] lambda_dev The device array with the current Lagrange
+ * multipliers.
+ * @param[out] iHSS_dev The device array for the row indices of the Hessian.
+ * @param[out] jHSS_dev The device array for the column indices of the Hessian.
+ * @param[out] MHSS_dev The device array for the values of the Hessian.
+ * @return PetscErrorCode indicating success or failure.
+ */
 PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeSparseHessian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     OPFLOW opflow, const double *x_dev, const double *lambda_dev, int *iHSS_dev,
     int *jHSS_dev, double *MHSS_dev) {
@@ -731,16 +847,19 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeSparseHessian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     iRow = pbpolrajahiopsparse->i_hess;
     jCol = pbpolrajahiopsparse->j_hess;
 
+    // Function pointer computehessian points to the function
+    // OPFLOWComputeHessian_PBPOL in PBPOL model.
     ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computehessian)(
         opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Lambdae, opflow->Lambdai, opflow->Hes);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
     ierr = MatGetSize(opflow->Hes, &nrow, &nrow);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
-    /* Copy over locations to triplet format */
-    /* Note that HIOP requires a upper triangular Hessian as oppposed
-       to IPOPT which requires a lower triangular Hessian
-    */
+    // Copy over locations to triplet format
+    //
+    // Note that HIOP requires a upper triangular Hessian as oppposed
+    // to IPOPT which requires a lower triangular Hessian
+    //
     for (i = 0; i < nrow; i++) {
       ierr = MatGetRow(opflow->Hes, i, &nvals, &cols, &vals);
       CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -788,7 +907,9 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeSparseHessian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
       CHKERRQ(ierr);
     }
 
-    /* Compute Hessian */
+    // Compute Hessian on the host
+    // Function pointer computehessian points to the function
+    // OPFLOWComputeHessian_PBPOL in PBPOL model.
     ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computehessian)(
         opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Lambdae, opflow->Lambdai, opflow->Hes);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
@@ -803,6 +924,8 @@ PetscErrorCode OPFLOWComputeSparseHessian_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(
     ierr = VecRestoreArray(opflow->Lambda, &lambda);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
+    // It does not seem that computeauxhessian is set, so this if
+    // condition will evaluate to false.
     if (opflow->modelops.computeauxhessian) {
       ierr = VecGetArray(opflow->X, &x);
       CHKERRQ(ierr);
diff --git a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.hpp b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.hpp
index 9b941f3e..2392748b 100644
--- a/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.hpp
+++ b/src/opflow/model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparsekernels.hpp
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 /**
 
   @brief Takes a raw pointer to some data and registers it with the
-  allocator and resource manager.
+  Umpire allocator and resource manager.
 
-  TODO: Ensure that we do not have to deregister the allocation with
+  @todo Ensure that we do not have to deregister the allocation with
   the resource manager. This is done with `resmgr.deregisterAllocation(T* ptr)`,
   but must we do this with ever allocation? Will we incurr a memory leak if not?
 
diff --git a/src/opflow/solver/hiop/opflow_hiopsparsegpu.cpp b/src/opflow/solver/hiop/opflow_hiopsparsegpu.cpp
index d7a9539d..d768e738 100644
--- a/src/opflow/solver/hiop/opflow_hiopsparsegpu.cpp
+++ b/src/opflow/solver/hiop/opflow_hiopsparsegpu.cpp
@@ -69,20 +69,10 @@ bool OPFLOWHIOPSPARSEGPUInterface::get_sparse_blocks_info(
 
   nnz_sparse_Jaceq = opflow->nnz_eqjacsp = info_eq.nz_used;
 
-  nnz_sparse_Jacineq = 0;
-  if (opflow->Nconineq) {
-    ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computeinequalityconstraintjacobian)(
-        opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Jac_Gi);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
-    ierr =
-        MatSetOption(opflow->Jac_Gi, MAT_NEW_NONZERO_LOCATION_ERR, PETSC_TRUE);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
-
-    ierr = MatGetInfo(opflow->Jac_Gi, MAT_LOCAL, &info_ineq);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
-
-    nnz_sparse_Jacineq = opflow->nnz_ineqjacsp = info_ineq.nz_used;
-  }
+  /* KS: Use pre-computed nnz_ineqjacsp from model setup (avoids PETSc Mat
+     assembly just for counting non-zeros -- not sure if faster or if it scales
+     but hey no PETSc!). */
+  nnz_sparse_Jacineq = opflow->nnz_ineqjacsp;
 
   /* Compute non-zeros for Hessian */
   ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computehessian)(opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Lambdae,
diff --git a/tests/unit/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/CMakeLists.txt
index ace550c4..b052d727 100644
--- a/tests/unit/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -13,6 +13,17 @@ add_executable(test_pflow test_pflow.cpp utils/test_acopf_utils.cpp)
 target_link_libraries(test_pflow ExaGO::PFLOW)
 target_include_directories(test_pflow PRIVATE ./utils)
 
+if(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA AND EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
+  if(EXAGO_ENABLE_CUDA)
+    set_source_files_properties(test_ineqjac_gpu.cpp PROPERTIES LANGUAGE CUDA)
+  endif()
+  add_executable(test_ineqjac_gpu test_ineqjac_gpu.cpp)
+  target_link_libraries(test_ineqjac_gpu ExaGO::OPFLOW)
+  target_include_directories(
+    test_ineqjac_gpu PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/opflow
+  )
+endif()
+
 add_executable(test_error_handler test_error_handler.cpp)
 target_link_libraries(test_error_handler ExaGO::UTILS)
 
@@ -49,6 +60,22 @@ if(EXAGO_RUN_TESTS)
     ${network_files}
   )
 
+  if(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA AND EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
+    exago_add_test(
+      NAME
+      "UNIT_TEST_INEQJAC_GPU"
+      DEPENDS
+      HIOP
+      COMMAND
+      ${RUNCMD}
+      $<TARGET_FILE:test_ineqjac_gpu>
+      -opflow_genbusvoltage
+      VARIABLE_WITHIN_BOUNDS
+      NETFILES
+      ${network_files}
+    )
+  endif()
+
   exago_add_test(
     NAME UNIT_TESTS_UTILS COMMAND $<TARGET_FILE:test_error_handler>
   )
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/opflow/CMakeLists.txt
index 2f09e12f..a312cf31 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 add_subdirectory(objective)
+add_subdirectory(constraint_jacobian)
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a69e533
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+add_subdirectory(equality)
+add_subdirectory(inequality)
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/CECJ_unittest1.m b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/CECJ_unittest1.m
index 223e8ba3..854dd4e3 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/CECJ_unittest1.m
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/CECJ_unittest1.m
@@ -4,17 +4,19 @@
 mpc.baseMVA =  100.00;
 
 %% bus data 
+%	bus_i	type	Pd	    Qd	    Gs	    Bs	    area	Vm	        Va	        baseKV	zone	Vmax	Vmin
 mpc.bus = [
-1	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1	2.0000000	0.000000	138.00	1	1.100	0.900
-2	1	0.00	0.00	0.25	-0.05	1	2.0000000	0.000000	138.00	1	1.100	0.900
-3	3	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1	2.0000000	30.000000	13.80	1	1.100	0.900
-4	1	-3.40	8.80	0.00	0.00	1	2.0000000	0.000000	138.00	1	1.100	0.900
-5	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1	2.0000000	0.000000	138.00	1	1.100	0.900
+    1   	1	    0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1   	2.0000000	0.000000	138.00	1	    1.100	0.900
+    2   	1	    0.00	0.00	0.25	-0.05	1   	2.0000000	0.000000	138.00	1	    1.100	0.900
+    3   	3	    0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1   	2.0000000	30.000000	13.80	1	    1.100	0.900
+    4   	1	    -3.40	8.80	0.00	0.00	1   	2.0000000	0.000000	138.00	1	    1.100	0.900
+    5   	1	    0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	1   	2.0000000	0.000000	138.00	1	    1.100	0.900
 ];
 
 %% generator data 
+%	bus	Pg  	Qg	    Qmax	Qmin    	Vg	    mBase	status	Pmax	Pmin	Pc1	    Pc2	    Qc1min	Qc1max	Qc2min	Qc2max	ramp_agc    ramp_10	ramp_30	ramp_q	apf
 mpc.gen = [
-3	1.60	-2.20	9900.00	-9900.00	2.0000	100.00	1	1.60	1.60	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0	0	0	0	10.0000
+    3	1.60	-2.20	9900.00	-9900.00	2.0000	100.00	1	    1.60	1.60	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0	        0	    0	    0   	10.0000
 ];
 
 %% generator cost data
@@ -23,11 +25,12 @@
 ];
 
 %% branch data
+%	fbus	tbus	r	        x       	b	    rateA	rateB	rateC	ratio	angle	status	angmin	angmax
 mpc.branch = [
-1	2	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
-2	3	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.00000	60.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
-2	4	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
-4	5	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
+     1	     2	    2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1   	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
+     2	     3	    2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.00000	60.000	1   	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
+     2	     4	    2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1   	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
+     4	     5	    2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1   	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
 ];
 
 %% bus names
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8288f4ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+find_package(Python)
+if(NOT Python_FOUND)
+  return()
+endif()
+
+if(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA AND EXAGO_ENABLE_CUDA)
+  set_source_files_properties(jac_eq_acopf.cpp PROPERTIES LANGUAGE CUDA)
+endif()
+
+add_executable(
+  jac_eq_acopf jac_eq_acopf.cpp
+               ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/unit/utils/test_acopf_utils.cpp
+)
+target_link_libraries(jac_eq_acopf ExaGO::OPFLOW)
+target_include_directories(
+  jac_eq_acopf PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/unit/utils
+)
+target_include_directories(
+  jac_eq_acopf PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/unit/opflow
+)
+
+# Network files to run on - doing 3 and 600 bus examples.
+set(prefix ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/)
+# Map num_copies to a specific netfile
+set(num_copies 1 3 600)
+
+configure_file(
+  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cecj.csv ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/cecj.csv
+  COPYONLY
+)
+foreach(n IN LISTS num_copies)
+  execute_process(
+    COMMAND ${Python_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/gen_network.py ${n}
+    WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
+  )
+endforeach()
+
+set(solvers "")
+set(models "")
+set(dependencies "")
+
+# Set up Ipopt solver tests if enabled
+if(EXAGO_ENABLE_IPOPT)
+  list(APPEND solvers IPOPT)
+  list(APPEND models POWER_BALANCE_POLAR)
+  list(APPEND dependencies IPOPT)
+endif()
+
+# Set up HIOPSPARSE solver tests if enabled
+if(TARGET HiOp::SPARSE)
+  list(APPEND solvers HIOPSPARSE)
+  list(APPEND models POWER_BALANCE_POLAR)
+  list(APPEND dependencies HIOP_SPARSE)
+endif()
+
+if(EXAGO_RUN_TESTS)
+  foreach(
+    model
+    solver
+    dependency
+    IN
+    ZIP_LISTS
+    models
+    solvers
+    dependencies
+  )
+    # Iterate over networks, matching network file to num_copies
+    foreach(num IN LISTS num_copies)
+      set(testname
+          "UNIT_TESTS_EQUALITY_CONSTRAINT_JACOBIAN_${num}_${solver}_${model}"
+      )
+      exago_add_test(
+        NAME
+        ${testname}
+        DEPENDS
+        ${dependency}
+        COMMAND
+        ${RUNCMD}
+        $<TARGET_FILE:jac_eq_acopf>
+        -opflow_model
+        ${model}
+        -opflow_solver
+        ${solver}
+        -num_copies
+        ${num}
+      )
+      set_tests_properties(${testname} PROPERTIES SKIP_RETURN_CODE 2)
+    endforeach()
+  endforeach()
+endif()
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/Jacobian.JPG b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/Jacobian.jpg
similarity index 100%
rename from tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/Jacobian.JPG
rename to tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/Jacobian.jpg
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/compute_equality_constraints_jacobian_test_design.md b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/README.md
similarity index 92%
rename from tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/compute_equality_constraints_jacobian_test_design.md
rename to tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/README.md
index 895238cb..1a7cd6f8 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/compute_equality_constraints_jacobian_test_design.md
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/README.md
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ In general, solution vector has following elements per bus:
 For the 5-bus system **CECJ-unittestx1.m**, solution vector is:
 <table>
 <tr>
-<td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>30</td> <td>2</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-2.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> 
+<td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>30*PI/180.0</td> <td>2</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-2.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> 
 </tr>
 </table>
 
@@ -132,10 +132,10 @@ With the parameters of the example network the matrix is:
 <td>Q1</td> <td>-1.6</td> <td>-2.0</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>P2</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>2.8</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
+<td>P2</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.81</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>-0.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>Q2</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>-3.6</td> <td>-3.8</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
+<td>Q2</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>-3.6</td> <td>-3.998</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-0.4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>P3</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>-1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ To scale the solution vector, following needs to be done:
 For N=3 the solution vector is:
 <table>
 <tr>
-<td>0   2   0   2   30   2   1.6   -2.2   0   2   0   2</td> <td>0   2   30   2   1.6   -2.2   0   2   0   2</td><td>0   2   30   2   1.6   -2.2   0   2   0   2</td>
+<td>0   2   0   2   30*PI/180.0   2   1.6   -2.2   0   2   0   2</td> <td>0   2   30*PI/180.0   2   1.6   -2.2   0   2   0   2</td><td>0   2   30*PI/180.0   2   1.6   -2.2   0   2   0   2</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/Untitled.m b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/Untitled.m
index 643f3bef..dc40f4f5 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/Untitled.m
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/Untitled.m
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 theta4=deg2rad(0);
 theta5=deg2rad(0);
 
+mvabase = 100;
 
 R=2;
 X=1;
@@ -28,8 +29,8 @@
 Pd=-3.4;
 Qd=8.8;
 
-Gl=0.25;
-Bl=-0.05;
+Gl=0.25 / mvabase;
+Bl=-0.05 / mvabase;
 
 
 theta12=theta1-theta2;
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/cecj.csv b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/cecj.csv
index b6c4eb6d..a1591b6f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/cecj.csv
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/cecj.csv
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 3,1,-0.8
 3,2,-0.8
 3,3,0.8
-3,4,2.8
+3,4,1.81
 3,5,0.8
 3,6,-0.2
 3,9,-0.8
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 4,1,1.6
 4,2,-0.4
 4,3,-3.6
-4,4,-3.8
+4,4,-3.998
 4,5,0.4
 4,6,0.4
 4,9,1.6
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/gen_network.py b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/gen_network.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..254306f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/gen_network.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+
+import sys
+
+
+def header(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("function mpc = CECJ_unittestx" + bus_size + "\n")
+    output.append("mpc.version = '2';\n")
+    output.append("mpc.baseMVA =  100.00;\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def bus(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% bus data\n")
+    output.append("mpc.bus = [\n")
+    output.append( "1 1  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append( "2 1  0.00 0.00 0.25 -0.05 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append( "3 3  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000 30.000000  13.80 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append( "4 1 -3.40 8.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append( "5 1  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    for i in range(1, int(bus_size)):
+        bus_idx = (i + 1) * 4
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx - 2} " +
+            "1  0.00 0.00 0.25 -0.05 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx - 1} " +
+            "2  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000 30.000000  13.80 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx} " +
+            "1 -3.40 8.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx + 1} " +
+            "1  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append("];\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def generator(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% generator data\n")
+    output.append("mpc.gen = [\n")
+    for i in range(3, int(bus_size) * 4, 4):
+        output.append(
+            f"{i} 1.60 -2.20 9900.00 -9900.00 2.0000 100.00 1 1.60 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 10.0000\n")
+    output.append("];\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def gen_cost(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% generator cost data\n")
+    output.append("mpc.gencost = [\n")
+    for _ in range(int(bus_size)):
+        output.append("2 0 0 3 0.010 0.100 8.00 0.0000 \n")
+    output.append("];\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def branch(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% branch data\n")
+    output.append("mpc.branch = [\n")
+    for i in range(int(bus_size)):
+        bus_idx = (4 * i + 1)
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx} {bus_idx + 1} " +
+            "2.000000 1.000000 1.20000 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00000  0.000 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx + 1} {bus_idx + 2} " +
+            "2.000000 1.000000 1.20000 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.00000 60.000 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx + 1} {bus_idx + 3} " +
+            "2.000000 1.000000 1.20000 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00000  0.000 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx + 3} {bus_idx + 4} " +
+            "2.000000 1.000000 1.20000 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00000  0.000 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00\n")
+    output.append("];\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def bus_names(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% bus names\n")
+    output.append("mpc.bus_name = {\n")
+    for i in range(int(bus_size) * 4 + 1):
+        output.append(f"'{i + 1}';\n")
+    output.append("};\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def gen_types(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% Generator Unit Types\n")
+    output.append("mpc.gentype = {\n")
+    for i in range(int(bus_size)):
+        output.append("'UN';\n")
+    output.append("};\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def gen_fuel(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% Generator Fuel Types\n")
+    output.append("mpc.genfuel = {\n")
+    for i in range(int(bus_size)):
+        output.append("'unknown';\n")
+    output.append("};\n")
+    return output
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    network_length = 0
+
+    # Script can be called with CLI argument
+    if (len(sys.argv) < 2):
+        network_length = input('Enter a network size: ')
+    else:
+        network_length = sys.argv[1]
+
+    print(f'Generating a network of size {network_length}')
+
+    output_filename = 'CECJ_unittestx' + network_length + '.m'
+
+    f = open(output_filename, "w+")
+
+    # Loop over file component functions and append to file
+    for section in [header, bus, generator, gen_cost, branch, bus_names, gen_types, gen_fuel]:
+        for line in section(network_length):
+            f.write(line)
+
+    f.close()
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/jac_eq_acopf.cpp b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/jac_eq_acopf.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c441fb4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/equality/jac_eq_acopf.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <private/opflowimpl.h>
+#include <exago_config.h>
+#include <utils.h>
+#include <test_base.h>
+
+// #include "opflow_tests.h"
+#include "test_acopf_utils.h"
+
+inline constexpr double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
+
+PetscErrorCode ConstructSolutionVector(Vec *X, int num_copies);
+PetscErrorCode ConstructReferenceJacobian(Mat *J, int num_copies);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Unit test driver for objective function
+ * @see opflow/OpflowTests.hpp for kernel tested by this driver
+ *
+ * You can pass two options to the objectiveAcopf executatable through the
+ * command line (implemented using PETSc options):
+ *
+ *    ~ -netfile <data_file> : Specifies the input data file to test against.
+ * Default value is `/<exago_dir>/datafiles/case9/case9mod.m`. See directory
+ * datafiles for other potential inputs.
+ *
+ *    ~ -num_copies <number> : Specifies the number of replications of the
+ * network given through `-netfile`. If this is not set properly, test may fail
+ *
+ */
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  PetscBool flg;
+
+  char appname[] = "opflow";
+  char help[] = "Unit tests for equality constraint Jacobians running opflow\n";
+
+  /** Use `ExaGOLogSetLoggingFileName("opflow-logfile");` to log the output. */
+  PetscErrorCode ierr =
+      ExaGOInitialize(MPI_COMM_WORLD, &argc, &argv, appname, help);
+  if (ierr) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize ExaGO application %s.\n", appname);
+    return ierr;
+  }
+
+  /* Get num_copies from command line */
+  int num_copies = 1;
+  PetscCall(PetscOptionsGetInt(NULL, NULL, "-num_copies", &num_copies, &flg));
+
+  std::string netfile = "CECJ_unittestx" + std::to_string(num_copies) + ".m";
+  // std::string netfile = "CECJ_unittest1.m";
+
+  Mat J_eq_ref;
+  ConstructReferenceJacobian(&J_eq_ref, num_copies);
+  Vec X;
+
+  OPFLOW opflowtest;
+  // exago::tests::TestOpflow test;
+
+  /* Set up test opflow */
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &opflowtest));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWReadMatPowerData(opflowtest, netfile.c_str()));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWSetInitializationType(opflowtest, OPFLOWINIT_FROMFILE));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWSetUp(opflowtest));
+  // PetscCall(OPFLOWGetSolution(opflowtest, &X));
+
+  ConstructSolutionVector(&X, num_copies);
+
+  // If we are using HIOP, need to convert X
+  // The string lengths must be 65
+  std::string modelname;
+  std::string solvername;
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWGetModel(opflowtest, &modelname));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWGetSolver(opflowtest, &solvername));
+
+  int fail = 0;
+  // if (solvername == "IPOPT") {
+  Mat J_eq;
+  Mat J_ineq = nullptr;
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWGetConstraintJacobian(opflowtest, &J_eq, &J_ineq));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWComputeConstraintJacobian(opflowtest, X, J_eq, J_ineq));
+
+  //   PetscViewerPushFormat(PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF,
+  //   PETSC_VIEWER_ASCII_DENSE); PetscCall(MatView(J_eq_ref,
+  //   PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF)); PetscCall(VecView(X,
+  //   PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF)); PetscCall(MatView(J_eq,
+  //   PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF));
+
+  PetscCall(MatAXPY(J_eq, -1.0, J_eq_ref, UNKNOWN_NONZERO_PATTERN));
+  PetscReal norm = 0.0;
+  PetscCall(MatNorm(J_eq, NORM_INFINITY, &norm));
+  std::cout << "Error norm: " << norm << std::endl;
+  if (norm >= exago::tests::eps) {
+    ++fail;
+    ExaGOLog(
+        EXAGO_LOG_INFO,
+        "Error between Equality Constraint Jacobians ({}) exceeds tolerance {}",
+        norm, exago::tests::eps);
+  }
+  // }
+  // TODO: handle other solver types specially as necessary
+  // else if (solvername == "HIOP") {
+  // }
+  // else if (solvername == "HIOPSPARSE") {
+  // }
+  // else {
+  //     throw ExaGOError("Unsupported solver name: " + solvername);
+  // }
+
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWDestroy(&opflowtest));
+
+  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&X));
+  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&J_eq_ref));
+
+  ExaGOFinalize();
+  return fail;
+}
+
+PetscErrorCode ConstructSolutionVector(Vec *X, int num_copies) {
+  PetscFunctionBeginUser;
+
+  std::vector<PetscReal> x_base = {0, 2, 0, 2, 30 * PI / 180.0, 2, 1.6, -2.2,
+                                   0, 2, 0, 2};
+  int nvals_base = 12;
+  int nvals = (nvals_base - 2) * num_copies + 2;
+  std::vector<PetscReal> x;
+  x.reserve(nvals);
+  x.assign(begin(x_base), end(x_base));
+  std::vector<PetscInt> is(nvals);
+  std::iota(begin(is), end(is), 0);
+
+  for (int n = 1; n < num_copies; ++n) {
+    for (int i = 2; i < nvals_base; ++i) {
+      x.push_back(x_base[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  PetscCall(VecCreateSeq(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, nvals, X));
+  PetscCall(VecSetValues(*X, is.size(), is.data(), x.data(), ADD_VALUES));
+  PetscCall(VecAssemblyBegin(*X));
+  PetscCall(VecAssemblyEnd(*X));
+
+  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+PetscErrorCode ConstructReferenceJacobian(Mat *J, int num_copies) {
+  PetscFunctionBeginUser;
+
+  // Read base Jacobian from file
+  std::ifstream ifs("cecj.csv");
+  if (!ifs) {
+    throw ExaGOError("Unable to open file: cecj.csv");
+  }
+  std::string line;
+  int nrows_base, ncols_base;
+  std::vector<PetscInt> i_base;
+  std::vector<PetscInt> j_base;
+  std::vector<PetscReal> v_base;
+  // Read matrix dimensions
+  std::getline(ifs, line);
+  std::istringstream iss(line);
+  std::string dimstr;
+  std::getline(iss, dimstr, ',');
+  std::istringstream(dimstr) >> nrows_base;
+  std::getline(iss, dimstr, ',');
+  std::istringstream(dimstr) >> ncols_base;
+  // Read triples
+  std::string estr;
+  while (std::getline(ifs, line)) {
+    PetscInt i, j;
+    PetscReal v;
+    iss = std::istringstream(line);
+    std::getline(iss, estr, ',');
+    std::istringstream(estr) >> i;
+    std::getline(iss, estr, ',');
+    std::istringstream(estr) >> j;
+    std::getline(iss, estr, ',');
+    std::istringstream(estr) >> v;
+    i_base.push_back(i - 1);
+    j_base.push_back(j - 1);
+    v_base.push_back(v);
+  }
+
+  int nrows = (nrows_base - 2) * num_copies + 2;
+  int ncols = (ncols_base - 2) * num_copies + 2;
+
+  std::vector<int> i_coo;
+  std::vector<int> j_coo;
+  std::vector<double> v_coo;
+
+  std::size_t ncoo = i_base.size() * num_copies;
+  i_coo.reserve(ncoo);
+  j_coo.reserve(ncoo);
+  v_coo.reserve(ncoo);
+
+  i_coo.assign(begin(i_base), end(i_base));
+  j_coo.assign(begin(j_base), end(j_base));
+  v_coo.assign(begin(v_base), end(v_base));
+
+  for (int n = 1; n < num_copies; ++n) {
+    auto row_start = n * (nrows_base - 2);
+    auto col_start = n * (ncols_base - 2);
+    for (std::size_t c = 0; c < v_base.size(); ++c) {
+      i_coo.push_back(row_start + i_base[c]);
+      j_coo.push_back(col_start + j_base[c]);
+      v_coo.push_back(v_base[c]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  PetscCall(MatCreateSeqAIJFromTriple(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, nrows, ncols,
+                                      i_coo.data(), j_coo.data(), v_coo.data(),
+                                      J, v_coo.size(), PETSC_FALSE));
+
+  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/CICJ_unittest1.m b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/CICJ_unittest1.m
index a3f80557..7e2fb943 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/CICJ_unittest1.m
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/CICJ_unittest1.m
@@ -24,10 +24,10 @@
 
 %% branch data
 mpc.branch = [
-1	2	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	-240.00	0.00	-240.00
+1	2	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	-240.00	0.00	-240.00
 2	3	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.00000	60.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	-140.00	200.00	-240.00
-2	4	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	-240.00	0.00	-240.00
-4	5	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	-240.00	0.00	-240.00
+2	4	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	-240.00	0.00	-240.00
+4	5	2.000000	1.000000	1.20000	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.00000	0.000	1	0.00	0.00	0.00	-240.00	0.00	-240.00
 ];
 
 %% bus names
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..63d9a252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+find_package(Python)
+if(NOT Python_FOUND)
+  return()
+endif()
+
+if(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA AND EXAGO_ENABLE_CUDA)
+  set_source_files_properties(jac_ineq_acopf.cpp PROPERTIES LANGUAGE CUDA)
+endif()
+
+add_executable(
+  jac_ineq_acopf jac_ineq_acopf.cpp
+                 ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/unit/utils/test_acopf_utils.cpp
+)
+target_link_libraries(jac_ineq_acopf ExaGO::OPFLOW)
+target_include_directories(
+  jac_ineq_acopf PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/unit/utils
+)
+target_include_directories(
+  jac_ineq_acopf PRIVATE ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/tests/unit/opflow
+)
+
+# Network files to run on - doing 3 and 600 bus examples.
+set(prefix ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/)
+# Map num_copies to a specific netfile
+set(num_copies 1 3 600)
+
+configure_file(
+  ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/cicj.csv ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}/cicj.csv
+  COPYONLY
+)
+foreach(n IN LISTS num_copies)
+  execute_process(
+    COMMAND ${Python_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/gen_network.py ${n}
+    WORKING_DIRECTORY ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}
+  )
+endforeach()
+
+set(solvers "")
+set(models "")
+set(dependencies "")
+
+# Set up Ipopt solver tests if enabled
+if(EXAGO_ENABLE_IPOPT)
+  list(APPEND solvers IPOPT)
+  list(APPEND models POWER_BALANCE_POLAR)
+  list(APPEND dependencies IPOPT)
+endif()
+
+# Set up HIOPSPARSE solver tests if enabled
+if(TARGET HiOp::SPARSE)
+  list(APPEND solvers HIOPSPARSE)
+  list(APPEND models POWER_BALANCE_POLAR)
+  list(APPEND dependencies HIOP_SPARSE)
+endif()
+
+if(EXAGO_RUN_TESTS)
+  foreach(
+    model
+    solver
+    dependency
+    IN
+    ZIP_LISTS
+    models
+    solvers
+    dependencies
+  )
+    # Iterate over networks, matching network file to num_copies
+    foreach(num IN LISTS num_copies)
+      set(testname
+          "UNIT_TESTS_INEQUALITY_CONSTRAINT_JACOBIAN_${num}_${solver}_${model}"
+      )
+      exago_add_test(
+        NAME
+        ${testname}
+        DEPENDS
+        ${dependency}
+        COMMAND
+        ${RUNCMD}
+        $<TARGET_FILE:jac_ineq_acopf>
+        -opflow_model
+        ${model}
+        -opflow_solver
+        ${solver}
+        -num_copies
+        ${num}
+      )
+      set_tests_properties(${testname} PROPERTIES SKIP_RETURN_CODE 2)
+    endforeach()
+  endforeach()
+endif()
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/compute_inequality_constraints_jacobian_test_design.md b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/README.md
similarity index 95%
rename from tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/compute_inequality_constraints_jacobian_test_design.md
rename to tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/README.md
index a65c5176..deb47feb 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/compute_inequality_constraints_jacobian_test_design.md
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/README.md
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ In general, solution vector has following elements per bus:
 3. Generator MW (if generator bus)
 4. Generator MVar (if generator bus)
 
-For the 5-bus system **CEC-unittestx1.m**, solution vector is:
+For the 5-bus system **CICJ-unittestx1.m**, solution vector is:
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>30*PI/180.0</td> <td>2</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-2.2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>2</td> 
@@ -163,10 +163,10 @@ With the parameters of the example network the matrix is:
 <td> </td> <td>theta1</td> <td>Vm1</td> <td>theta2</td> <td>Vm2</td> <td>theta3</td> <td>Vm3</td> <td>Pg3</td> <td>Qg3</td> <td>theta4</td> <td>Vm4</td> <td>theta5</td> <td>Vm5</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>IEC1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>200</td> <td>0</td> <td>-1.5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
+<td>IEC1</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>4.178</td> <td>0</td> <td>-1.5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>IEC2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-200</td> <td>0</td> <td>-1.5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
+<td>IEC2</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0.178</td> <td>0</td> <td>-1.5</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sf12</td> <td>7.68</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>-7.68</td> <td>1.92</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
@@ -184,13 +184,13 @@ With the parameters of the example network the matrix is:
 <td>Sf24</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>7.68</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-7.68</td> <td>1.92</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>St24</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-7.68</td> <td>1.92</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>7.68</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>1.6</td> <td>-0.4</td>
+<td>St24</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-7.68</td> <td>1.92</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>7.68</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>Sf45</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>15.36</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>-15.36</td> <td>3.84</td>
+<td>Sf45</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>7.68</td> <td>9.6</td> <td>-7.68</td> <td>1.92</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
-<td>St45</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-15.36</td> <td>3.94</td> <td>15.36</td> <td>19.2</td>
+<td>St45</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>-7.68</td> <td>1.92</td> <td>7.68</td> <td>9.6</td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/Untitled.m b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/Untitled.m
index a88021f1..09862ada 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/Untitled.m
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/Untitled.m
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 theta4=deg2rad(0);
 theta5=deg2rad(0);
 
+mvabase=100;
 
 R=2;
 X=1;
@@ -25,8 +26,8 @@
 
 Pg=1.6;
 Qg=-2.2;
-Qmax=197.8;
-Qmin=-202.2;
+Qmax=197.8 / mvabase;
+Qmin=-202.2 = mvabase;
 
 Pd=-3.4;
 Qd=8.8;
@@ -247,10 +248,10 @@
 Sf45 = Pf45*Pf45 + Qf45*Qf45;
 St45 = Pt45*Pt45 + Qt45*Qt45;
 
-dSf45dPf45 = 4*Pf45;
-dSf45dQf45 = 4*Qf45;
-dSt45dPt45 = 4*Pt45;
-dSt45dQt45 = 4*Qt45;
+dSf45dPf45 = 2*Pf45;
+dSf45dQf45 = 2*Qf45;
+dSt45dPt45 = 2*Pt45;
+dSt45dQt45 = 2*Qt45;
 
 dSf45dVm4 =    (dSf45dPf45*dPf45dVm4+   dSf45dQf45*dQf45dVm4)*multiplier;
 dSf45dVm5 =    (dSf45dPf45*dPf45dVm5+   dSf45dQf45*dQf45dVm5)*multiplier;
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/cicj.csv b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/cicj.csv
index 97fbb421..539bcfb4 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/cicj.csv
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/cicj.csv
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 10,12,0
-1,6,200
+1,6,4.178
 1,8,-1.5
-2,6,-200
+2,6,0.178
 2,8,-1.5
 3,1,7.68
 3,2,9.6
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 4,3,7.68
 4,4,9.6
 5,3,-0.32
-5,4,-4.44089209850062e-17
 5,5,0.32
 5,6,0.32
 6,3,-1.28
@@ -27,29 +26,11 @@
 8,4,1.92
 8,9,7.68
 8,10,9.6
-9,9,15.36
-9,10,19.2
-9,11,-15.36
-9,12,3.84
-10,9,-15.36
-10,10,3.84
-10,11,15.36
-10,12,19.2
-7,9,1.6
-7,10,1.6
-7,11,-0.8
-7,12,-0.8
-8,3,1.6
-8,4,-0.4
-8,9,-3.2
-8,10,-4
-8,11,1.6
-8,12,-0.4
-9,9,-0.8
-9,10,-0.8
-9,11,0.8
-9,12,0.8
-10,9,1.6
-10,10,-0.4
-10,11,-1.6
-10,12,-2
+9,9,7.68
+9,10,9.6
+9,11,-7.68
+9,12,1.92
+10,9,-7.68
+10,10,1.92
+10,11,7.68
+10,12,9.6
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/gen_network.py b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/gen_network.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ffa8f4d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/gen_network.py
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#!/usr/bin/python
+
+import sys
+
+
+def header(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("function mpc = CICJ_unittestx" + bus_size + "\n")
+    output.append("mpc.version = '2';\n")
+    output.append("mpc.baseMVA =  100.00;\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def bus(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% bus data\n")
+    output.append("mpc.bus = [\n")
+    output.append( "1 1  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append( "2 1  0.00 0.00 0.25 -0.05 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append( "3 3  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 0.5000000 30.000000  13.80 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append( "4 1 -3.40 8.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append( "5 1  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    for i in range(1, int(bus_size)):
+        bus_idx = (i + 1) * 4
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx - 2} " +
+            "1  0.00 0.00 0.25 -0.05 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx - 1} " +
+            "2  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 0.5000000 30.000000  13.80 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx} " +
+            "1 -3.40 8.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx + 1} " +
+            "1  0.00 0.00 0.00  0.00 1 2.0000000  0.000000 138.00 1 1.100 0.900\n")
+    output.append("];\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def generator(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% generator data\n")
+    output.append("mpc.gen = [\n")
+    for i in range(3, int(bus_size) * 4, 4):
+        output.append(
+            f"{i} 1.60 -2.20 197.80 -202.20 0.5000 100.00 1 1.60 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 10.0000\n")
+    output.append("];\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def gen_cost(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% generator cost data\n")
+    output.append("mpc.gencost = [\n")
+    for _ in range(int(bus_size)):
+        output.append("2 0 0 3 0.010 0.100 8.00 0.0000 \n")
+    output.append("];\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def branch(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% branch data\n")
+    output.append("mpc.branch = [\n")
+    for i in range(int(bus_size)):
+        bus_idx = (4 * i + 1)
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx} {bus_idx + 1} " +
+            "2.000000 1.000000 1.20000 230.00 230.00 230.00 1.00000  0.000 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 -240.00   0.00 -240.00\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx + 1} {bus_idx + 2} " +
+            "2.000000 1.000000 1.20000 230.00 230.00 230.00 2.00000 60.000 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 -140.00 200.00 -240.00\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx + 1} {bus_idx + 3} " +
+            "2.000000 1.000000 1.20000 230.00 230.00 230.00 1.00000  0.000 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 -240.00   0.00 -240.00\n")
+        output.append(f"{bus_idx + 3} {bus_idx + 4} " +
+            "2.000000 1.000000 1.20000 230.00 230.00 230.00 1.00000  0.000 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 -240.00   0.00 -240.00\n")
+    output.append("];\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def bus_names(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% bus names\n")
+    output.append("mpc.bus_name = {\n")
+    for i in range(int(bus_size) * 4 + 1):
+        output.append(f"'{i + 1}';\n")
+    output.append("};\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def gen_types(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% Generator Unit Types\n")
+    output.append("mpc.gentype = {\n")
+    for i in range(int(bus_size)):
+        output.append("'UN';\n")
+    output.append("};\n")
+    output.append("\n")
+    return output
+
+
+def gen_fuel(bus_size):
+    output = []
+    output.append("%% Generator Fuel Types\n")
+    output.append("mpc.genfuel = {\n")
+    for i in range(int(bus_size)):
+        output.append("'unknown';\n")
+    output.append("};\n")
+    return output
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    network_length = 0
+
+    # Script can be called with CLI argument
+    if (len(sys.argv) < 2):
+        network_length = input('Enter a network size: ')
+    else:
+        network_length = sys.argv[1]
+
+    print(f'Generating a network of size {network_length}')
+
+    output_filename = 'CICJ_unittestx' + network_length + '.m'
+
+    f = open(output_filename, "w+")
+
+    # Loop over file component functions and append to file
+    for section in [header, bus, generator, gen_cost, branch, bus_names, gen_types, gen_fuel]:
+        for line in section(network_length):
+            f.write(line)
+
+    f.close()
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/jac_ineq_acopf.cpp b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/jac_ineq_acopf.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..933c33de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/constraint_jacobian/inequality/jac_ineq_acopf.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <private/opflowimpl.h>
+#include <exago_config.h>
+#include <utils.h>
+#include <test_base.h>
+
+// #include "opflow_tests.h"
+#include "test_acopf_utils.h"
+
+inline constexpr double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;
+
+PetscErrorCode ConstructSolutionVector(Vec *X, int num_copies);
+PetscErrorCode ConstructReferenceJacobian(Mat *J, int num_copies);
+
+/**
+ * @brief Unit test driver for objective function
+ * @see opflow/OpflowTests.hpp for kernel tested by this driver
+ *
+ * You can pass two options to the objectiveAcopf executatable through the
+ * command line (implemented using PETSc options):
+ *
+ *    ~ -netfile <data_file> : Specifies the input data file to test against.
+ * Default value is `/<exago_dir>/datafiles/case9/case9mod.m`. See directory
+ * datafiles for other potential inputs.
+ *
+ *    ~ -num_copies <number> : Specifies the number of replications of the
+ * network given through `-netfile`. If this is not set properly, test may fail
+ *
+ */
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  PetscBool flg;
+
+  char appname[] = "opflow";
+  char help[] =
+      "Unit tests for inequality constraint Jacobians running opflow\n";
+
+  /** Use `ExaGOLogSetLoggingFileName("opflow-logfile");` to log the output. */
+  PetscErrorCode ierr =
+      ExaGOInitialize(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &argc, &argv, appname, help);
+  if (ierr) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize ExaGO application %s.\n", appname);
+    return ierr;
+  }
+
+  /* Get num_copies from command line */
+  int num_copies = 1;
+  PetscCall(PetscOptionsGetInt(NULL, NULL, "-num_copies", &num_copies, &flg));
+
+  std::string netfile = "CICJ_unittestx" + std::to_string(num_copies) + ".m";
+
+  Mat J_ineq_ref;
+  ConstructReferenceJacobian(&J_ineq_ref, num_copies);
+  Vec X;
+
+  OPFLOW opflowtest;
+  // exago::tests::TestOpflow test;
+
+  /* Set up test opflow */
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &opflowtest));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWReadMatPowerData(opflowtest, netfile.c_str()));
+  // PetscCall(OPFLOWSetInitializationType(opflowtest, OPFLOWINIT_FROMFILE));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWSetGenBusVoltageType(opflowtest, FIXED_WITHIN_QBOUNDS));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWSetUp(opflowtest));
+  // PetscCall(OPFLOWGetSolution(opflowtest, &X));
+
+  ConstructSolutionVector(&X, num_copies);
+
+  // If we are using HIOP, need to convert X
+  // The string lengths must be 65
+  std::string modelname;
+  std::string solvername;
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWGetModel(opflowtest, &modelname));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWGetSolver(opflowtest, &solvername));
+
+  int fail = 0;
+  // if (solvername == "IPOPT") {
+  Mat J_eq;
+  Mat J_ineq;
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWGetConstraintJacobian(opflowtest, &J_eq, &J_ineq));
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWComputeConstraintJacobian(opflowtest, X, J_eq, J_ineq));
+
+  // PetscViewerPushFormat(PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF, PETSC_VIEWER_ASCII_DENSE);
+  // PetscCall(MatView(J_ineq_ref, PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF));
+  // PetscCall(VecView(X, PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF));
+  // PetscCall(MatView(J_ineq, PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_SELF));
+
+  PetscCall(MatAXPY(J_ineq, -1.0, J_ineq_ref, UNKNOWN_NONZERO_PATTERN));
+  PetscReal norm = 0.0;
+  PetscCall(MatNorm(J_ineq, NORM_INFINITY, &norm));
+  std::cout << "Error norm: " << norm << std::endl;
+  if (norm >= exago::tests::eps) {
+    ++fail;
+    ExaGOLog(EXAGO_LOG_INFO,
+             "Error between Inequality Constraint Jacobians ({}) exceeds "
+             "tolerance {}",
+             norm, exago::tests::eps);
+  }
+  // }
+  // TODO: handle other solver types specially as necessary
+
+  PetscCall(OPFLOWDestroy(&opflowtest));
+
+  PetscCall(VecDestroy(&X));
+  PetscCall(MatDestroy(&J_ineq_ref));
+
+  ExaGOFinalize();
+  return fail;
+}
+
+PetscErrorCode ConstructSolutionVector(Vec *X, int num_copies) {
+  PetscFunctionBeginUser;
+
+  std::vector<PetscReal> x_base = {0, 2, 0, 2, 30 * PI / 180.0, 2, 1.6, -2.2,
+                                   0, 2, 0, 2};
+  int nvals_base = 12;
+  int nvals = (nvals_base - 2) * num_copies + 2;
+  std::vector<PetscReal> x;
+  x.reserve(nvals);
+  x.assign(begin(x_base), end(x_base));
+  std::vector<PetscInt> is(nvals);
+  std::iota(begin(is), end(is), 0);
+
+  for (int n = 1; n < num_copies; ++n) {
+    for (int i = 2; i < nvals_base; ++i) {
+      x.push_back(x_base[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  PetscCall(VecCreateSeq(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, nvals, X));
+  PetscCall(VecSetValues(*X, is.size(), is.data(), x.data(), ADD_VALUES));
+  PetscCall(VecAssemblyBegin(*X));
+  PetscCall(VecAssemblyEnd(*X));
+  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+PetscErrorCode ConstructReferenceJacobian(Mat *J, int num_copies) {
+  PetscFunctionBeginUser;
+
+  // Read base Jacobian from file
+  std::ifstream ifs("cicj.csv");
+  if (!ifs) {
+    throw ExaGOError("Unable to open file: cicj.csv");
+  }
+  std::string line;
+  int nrows_base, ncols_base;
+  std::vector<PetscInt> i_base;
+  std::vector<PetscInt> j_base;
+  std::vector<PetscReal> v_base;
+  // Read matrix dimensions
+  std::getline(ifs, line);
+  std::istringstream iss(line);
+  std::string dimstr;
+  std::getline(iss, dimstr, ',');
+  std::istringstream(dimstr) >> nrows_base;
+  std::getline(iss, dimstr, ',');
+  std::istringstream(dimstr) >> ncols_base;
+  // Read triples
+  std::string estr;
+  while (std::getline(ifs, line)) {
+    PetscInt i, j;
+    PetscReal v;
+    iss = std::istringstream(line);
+    std::getline(iss, estr, ',');
+    std::istringstream(estr) >> i;
+    std::getline(iss, estr, ',');
+    std::istringstream(estr) >> j;
+    std::getline(iss, estr, ',');
+    std::istringstream(estr) >> v;
+    i_base.push_back(i - 1);
+    j_base.push_back(j - 1);
+    v_base.push_back(v);
+  }
+
+  int nrows = (nrows_base - 2) * num_copies + 2;
+  int ncols = (ncols_base - 2) * num_copies + 2;
+
+  std::vector<int> i_coo;
+  std::vector<int> j_coo;
+  std::vector<double> v_coo;
+
+  std::size_t ncoo = i_base.size() * num_copies;
+  i_coo.reserve(ncoo);
+  j_coo.reserve(ncoo);
+  v_coo.reserve(ncoo);
+
+  i_coo.assign(begin(i_base), end(i_base));
+  j_coo.assign(begin(j_base), end(j_base));
+  v_coo.assign(begin(v_base), end(v_base));
+
+  for (int n = 1; n < num_copies; ++n) {
+    auto row_start_top = n * 2;
+    auto row_start = n * (nrows_base - 2);
+    auto col_start = n * (ncols_base - 2);
+    for (std::size_t c = 0; c < v_base.size(); ++c) {
+      auto i = i_base[c];
+      if (i < 2) {
+        i_coo.push_back(row_start_top + i);
+      } else {
+        i_coo.push_back(row_start + i_base[c]);
+      }
+      j_coo.push_back(col_start + j_base[c]);
+      v_coo.push_back(v_base[c]);
+    }
+  }
+
+  PetscCall(MatCreateSeqAIJFromTriple(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, nrows, ncols,
+                                      i_coo.data(), j_coo.data(), v_coo.data(),
+                                      J, v_coo.size(), PETSC_FALSE));
+
+  PetscFunctionReturn(PETSC_SUCCESS);
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/gradient/README.md b/tests/unit/opflow/gradient/README.md
index 18c85660..cc8d6d59 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/gradient/README.md
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/gradient/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-See [objective_function_g_test_design.md](./tests/unit/opflow/gradient/objective_function_g_test_design.md) for a description of how this unit test is formulated.
+See [objective_function_g_test_design.md](./objective_function_g_test_design.md) for a description of how this unit test is formulated.
 
-Please use the script [gen_network.py](./tests/unit/opflow/objective/gen_network.py) to generate a new network if necessary. The script takes either a command line argument, or prompts you for the desired network size.
+Please use the script [gen_network.py](./gen_network.py) to generate a new network if necessary. The script takes either a command line argument, or prompts you for the desired network size.
 
-The existing datafiles for this unit test is stored in [datafiles/unit/opflow/gradient](./datafiles/unit/opflow/gradient).
+The existing datafiles for this unit test is stored in [datafiles/unit/opflow/gradient](../../../../datafiles/unit/opflow/gradient).
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/objective/CMakeLists.txt b/tests/unit/opflow/objective/CMakeLists.txt
index 0b89bff6..07b52079 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/objective/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/objective/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ target_include_directories(objective_acopf PRIVATE ../)
 
 # Network files to run on - doing 3 and 600 bus examples.
 set(prefix ${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/datafiles/unit/opflow/objective/)
-set(obj_network_files OF_unittestx3.m OF_unittestx600.m)
+set(obj_network_files testx3.m testx600.m)
 # Map num_copies to a specific netfile
 set(num_copies 3 600)
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ if(EXAGO_RUN_TESTS)
     # Iterate over networks, matching network file to num_copies
     foreach(network num IN ZIP_LISTS obj_network_files num_copies)
       get_filename_component(net ${network} NAME)
-      set(testname "UNIT_TESTS_OBJECTIVE_SIZE_${net}_${solver}_${model}")
+      set(testname "UNIT_TESTS_OBJECTIVE_${net}_${solver}_${model}")
       exago_add_test(
         NAME
         ${testname}
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/objective/README.md b/tests/unit/opflow/objective/README.md
index 08db26a6..2c9f7c29 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/objective/README.md
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/objective/README.md
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-See [objective_function_test_design.md](./tests/unit/opflow/objective/objective_function_test_design.md) for a description of how this unit test is formulated.
+See [objective_function_test_design.md](./objective_function_test_design.md) for a description of how this unit test is formulated.
 
-Please use the script [gen_network.py](./tests/unit/opflow/objective/gen_network.py) to generate a new network if necessary. The script takes either a command line argument, or prompts you for the desired network size.
+Please use the script [gen_network.py](./gen_network.py) to generate a new network if necessary. The script takes either a command line argument, or prompts you for the desired network size.
 
-The existing datafiles for this unit test is stored in [datafiles/unit/opflow/objective](./datafiles/unit/opflow/objective).
+The existing datafiles for this unit test is stored in [datafiles/unit/opflow/objective](../../../../datafiles/unit/opflow/objective).
diff --git a/tests/unit/opflow/opflow_tests.h b/tests/unit/opflow/opflow_tests.h
index e061a41e..12572d39 100644
--- a/tests/unit/opflow/opflow_tests.h
+++ b/tests/unit/opflow/opflow_tests.h
@@ -447,13 +447,20 @@ class TestOpflow : public TestBase {
     Vec temp1, temp2;
     PetscInt nrow, ncol;
 
+    // Create constraint Jacobian matrices to compare against
     ierr = MatDuplicate(Jeqref, MAT_DO_NOT_COPY_VALUES, &Jeq);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
-    ierr = MatDuplicate(Jineqref, MAT_DO_NOT_COPY_VALUES, &Jineq);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    std::cout << "opflow->Nconineq: " << opflow->Nconineq << "\n";
+    if (opflow->Nconineq) {
+      ierr = MatDuplicate(Jineqref, MAT_DO_NOT_COPY_VALUES, &Jineq);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    }
+
+    // Compute constraint Jacobians
     ierr = OPFLOWComputeConstraintJacobian(opflow, X, Jeq, Jineq);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
+    // Verify equality constraint Jacobian
     ierr = MatGetSize(Jeq, &nrow, &ncol);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
     ierr = VecCreate(MPI_COMM_SELF, &temp1);
@@ -480,36 +487,40 @@ class TestOpflow : public TestBase {
     ierr = VecDestroy(&temp2);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
-    ierr = MatGetSize(Jineq, &nrow, &ncol);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
-    ierr = VecCreate(MPI_COMM_SELF, &temp1);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
-    ierr = VecSetSizes(temp1, nrow, nrow);
+    ierr = MatDestroy(&Jeq);
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
-    ierr = VecSetFromOptions(temp1);
 
-    ierr = VecDuplicate(temp1, &temp2);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    if (opflow->Nconineq) {
+      // Verify inequality constraint Jacobian
+      ierr = MatGetSize(Jineq, &nrow, &ncol);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+      ierr = VecCreate(MPI_COMM_SELF, &temp1);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+      ierr = VecSetSizes(temp1, nrow, nrow);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+      ierr = VecSetFromOptions(temp1);
 
-    ierr = VecSet(temp1, 0.0);
-    ierr = VecSet(temp2, 0.0);
+      ierr = VecDuplicate(temp1, &temp2);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
-    ierr = MatMult(Jineq, X, temp1);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
-    ierr = MatMult(Jineqref, X, temp2);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+      ierr = VecSet(temp1, 0.0);
+      ierr = VecSet(temp2, 0.0);
 
-    fail += verifyAnswer(temp1, temp2);
+      ierr = MatMult(Jineq, X, temp1);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+      ierr = MatMult(Jineqref, X, temp2);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
-    ierr = VecDestroy(&temp1);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
-    ierr = VecDestroy(&temp2);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+      fail += verifyAnswer(temp1, temp2);
 
-    ierr = MatDestroy(&Jeq);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
-    ierr = MatDestroy(&Jineq);
-    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+      ierr = VecDestroy(&temp1);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+      ierr = VecDestroy(&temp2);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+      ierr = MatDestroy(&Jineq);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    }
 
     cleanup(fail, opflow);
   }
@@ -691,8 +702,103 @@ class TestOpflow : public TestBase {
   }
 
 #if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA)
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
   /**
    * @brief Specific test for computing the constraint Jacobian using HiOp
+   * Sparse
+   *
+   * @param x is in sparse-dense ordering
+   * @param Jeqref is in application ordering
+   * @param Jineqref is in application ordering
+   *
+   * @pre The flag _opflow_->nconineq determines the presence of inequality
+   * constraints. If the flag is set, checking against Jineqref_nat can be
+   * skipped entirely.
+   * @pre _Jeqref_nat_ and _Jineqref_nat_ have the same number of columns, but
+   * not the same number of rows
+   */
+  LocalOrdinalType computeConstraintJacobian(OPFLOW opflow, double *x_dev,
+                                             Mat Jeqref_nat, Mat Jineqref_nat,
+                                             umpire::ResourceManager &resmgr) {
+    PetscErrorCode ierr;
+    LocalOrdinalType fail = 0;
+
+    // Get allocators
+    umpire::Allocator h_allocator = resmgr.getAllocator("HOST");
+
+    // Get the hiop sparse matrix solution to test against
+    int *iRow, *jCol, *iRow_dev, *jCol_dev;
+    double *values, *values_dev;
+    int nnz = opflow->nnz_eqjacsp + opflow->nnz_ineqjacsp;
+
+    iRow = static_cast<int *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(int)));
+    jCol = static_cast<int *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(int)));
+    values = static_cast<double *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+    umpire::Allocator d_allocator = resmgr.getAllocator("DEVICE");
+    iRow_dev = static_cast<int *>(d_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(int)));
+    jCol_dev = static_cast<int *>(d_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(int)));
+    values_dev =
+        static_cast<double *>(d_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+#else
+    iRow_dev = iRow;
+    jCol_dev = jCol;
+    values_dev = values;
+#endif
+
+    // Compute equality constraints
+    ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computesparseequalityconstraintjacobianhiop)(
+        opflow, x_dev, iRow_dev, jCol_dev, values_dev);
+    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+    // Checking for the presence of inequality constraints on the given problem
+    // Compute inequality constraints
+    if (opflow->Nconineq) {
+      ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computesparseinequalityconstraintjacobianhiop)(
+          opflow, x_dev, iRow_dev, jCol_dev, values_dev);
+      CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    }
+
+    // Copy from device to host
+    resmgr.copy(iRow, iRow_dev);
+    resmgr.copy(jCol, jCol_dev);
+    resmgr.copy(values, values_dev);
+
+    // Verify equality constraints
+    fail += verifyAnswer(Jeqref_nat, opflow->nnz_eqjacsp, iRow, jCol, values);
+
+    // Checking for the presence of inequality constraints on the given problem
+    // Verify inequality constraints
+    if (opflow->Nconineq) {
+      // The equality and inequality constraint Jacobians are stacked one after
+      // the other. Offset row and nnz
+      int nnz_offset = opflow->nnz_eqjacsp;
+      int row_offset = opflow->nconeq;
+      for (int i = 0; i < opflow->nnz_ineqjacsp; i++) {
+        iRow[i + nnz_offset] -= row_offset;
+      }
+
+      fail +=
+          verifyAnswer(Jineqref_nat, opflow->nnz_ineqjacsp, iRow + nnz_offset,
+                       jCol + nnz_offset, values + nnz_offset);
+    }
+
+    // Cleanup
+    h_allocator.deallocate(iRow);
+    h_allocator.deallocate(jCol);
+    h_allocator.deallocate(values);
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+    d_allocator.deallocate(iRow_dev);
+    d_allocator.deallocate(jCol_dev);
+    d_allocator.deallocate(values_dev);
+#endif
+    cleanup(fail, opflow);
+  }
+
+#else
+  /**
+   * @brief Specific test for computing the constraint Jacobian using HiOp MDS
    *
    * @param x is in sparse-dense ordering
    * @param Jeqref is in application ordering
@@ -915,7 +1021,8 @@ class TestOpflow : public TestBase {
 #endif
     cleanup(fail, opflow);
   }
-#endif
+#endif // EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE
+#endif // EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA
 
   LocalOrdinalType computeHessian(OPFLOW opflow, Vec X, Vec Lambda,
                                   PetscScalar obj_factor, Mat Hessref) {
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_acopf.cpp b/tests/unit/test_acopf.cpp
index 2849e442..835a829f 100644
--- a/tests/unit/test_acopf.cpp
+++ b/tests/unit/test_acopf.cpp
@@ -65,12 +65,25 @@ void spdensetonatural(const double *xin, double *xout, int *idxn2sd_map,
  *
  */
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
-  const bool isTestOpflowModelPBPOL = false;
+  bool testOpflowModelPBPOL = false;
+  bool testOpflowModelPBPOLHIOP = false;
+  bool testOpflowModelPBPOLRAJAHIOP = false;
+  bool testOpflowModelPBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE = false;
+
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_IPOPT)
+  testOpflowModelPBPOL = true;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP)
+  testOpflowModelPBPOLHIOP = true;
+#endif
+
 #if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA)
-  const bool isTestOpflowModelPBPOLRAJAHIOP = true;
-  const bool isTestOpflowModelPBPOLHIOP = false;
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
+  testOpflowModelPBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE = true;
 #else
-  const bool isTestOpflowModelPBPOLHIOP = true;
+  testOpflowModelPBPOLRAJAHIOP = true;
+#endif
 #endif
   PetscErrorCode ierr;
   PetscBool flg, gen_test_data, write_test_data;
@@ -245,13 +258,13 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
   ierr = PetscLogStagePush(stages[1]);
   CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
-  if (isTestOpflowModelPBPOLHIOP) {
+  if (testOpflowModelPBPOLHIOP) {
     OPFLOW opflowtest;
     exago::tests::TestOpflow test;
 
     std::cout
         << "\nTesting custom power balance model in polar coordinates for HIOP"
-        << "(componentwise assembly) ... \n";
+        << " (componentwise assembly) ... \n";
 
     // Create optimal power flow model
     ierr = OPFLOWCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &opflowtest);
@@ -372,13 +385,17 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
   }
 
 #if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA)
-  if (isTestOpflowModelPBPOLRAJAHIOP) {
+  if (testOpflowModelPBPOLRAJAHIOP || testOpflowModelPBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE) {
     OPFLOW opflowtest;
     exago::tests::TestOpflow test;
 
     std::cout << "\nTesting custom power balance model in polar coordinates "
                  "for HIOP using RAJA"
-              << "(PBPOLHIOPRAJA) ... \n";
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
+              << " (PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE) ... \n";
+#else
+              << " (PBPOLRAJAHIOP) ... \n";
+#endif
 
     // Create optimal power flow model
     ierr = OPFLOWCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &opflowtest);
@@ -389,11 +406,19 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
     /* Set opflow model type to custom model for hiop using RAJA */
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
+    ierr = OPFLOWSetModel(opflowtest, OPFLOWMODEL_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE);
+#else
     ierr = OPFLOWSetModel(opflowtest, OPFLOWMODEL_PBPOLRAJAHIOP);
+#endif
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
     /* Set solver to HIOP */
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE)
+    ierr = OPFLOWSetSolver(opflowtest, OPFLOWSOLVER_HIOPSPARSEGPU);
+#else
     ierr = OPFLOWSetSolver(opflowtest, OPFLOWSOLVER_HIOP);
+#endif
     CHKERRQ(ierr);
 
     /* Set up */
@@ -505,6 +530,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     fail += test.computeConstraintJacobian(opflowtest, x_ref_dev, Jeq, Jineq,
                                            resmgr);
 
+#ifndef EXAGO_ENABLE_HIOP_SPARSE // skip hessian test for now with HIOP_SPARSE
     int nxdense = 2 * opflowtest->ps->nbus;
     double *hess_dense, *hess_dense_dev;
 
@@ -527,6 +553,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
     d_allocator.deallocate(x_ref_dev);
     d_allocator.deallocate(lambda_ref_dev);
     d_allocator.deallocate(hess_dense_dev);
+#endif
 #endif
 
     ierr = PetscFree(x_ref);
@@ -563,7 +590,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
   }
 #endif
 
-  if (isTestOpflowModelPBPOL) {
+  if (testOpflowModelPBPOL) {
     OPFLOW opflowtest;
     exago::tests::TestOpflow test;
 
diff --git a/tests/unit/test_ineqjac_gpu.cpp b/tests/unit/test_ineqjac_gpu.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc473c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/unit/test_ineqjac_gpu.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <exago_config.h>
+#include <private/opflowimpl.h>
+#include <utils.h>
+
+#if defined(EXAGO_ENABLE_RAJA)
+#include <RAJA/RAJA.hpp>
+#include <private/raja_exec_config.h>
+#include <umpire/Allocator.hpp>
+#include <umpire/ResourceManager.hpp>
+#endif
+
+#include "model/power_bal_hiop/paramsrajahiop.h"
+#include "model/power_bal_hiop/pbpolrajahiopsparse_gpu.hpp"
+
+static const double TOL = 1e-8;
+
+static int compare_arrays(const double *ref, const double *gpu, int n,
+                          const char *label) {
+  int fail = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    if (std::abs(ref[i] - gpu[i]) / (1.0 + std::abs(ref[i])) > TOL) {
+      std::cout << "  MISMATCH " << label << "[" << i << "]: PETSc=" << ref[i]
+                << "  GPU=" << gpu[i] << "  diff=" << std::abs(ref[i] - gpu[i])
+                << std::endl;
+      fail++;
+    }
+  }
+  return fail;
+}
+
+/**
+ * @brief Validate GPU inequality constraint Jacobian values against PETSc.
+ *
+ * First solves with IPOPT/PBPOL to obtain a realistic solution, then
+ * sets up the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model and evaluates the inequality
+ * Jacobian at the converged solution using both the PETSc reference
+ * path and the GPU RAJA kernel. Compares element-by-element.
+ */
+int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+  PetscErrorCode ierr;
+  PetscBool flg;
+  char file_c_str[PETSC_MAX_PATH_LEN];
+  std::string file;
+  char appname[] = "opflow";
+  MPI_Comm comm = MPI_COMM_WORLD;
+  char help[] = "Test 8: GPU ineq Jacobian validation\n";
+  int fail = 0;
+
+  ierr = ExaGOInitialize(comm, &argc, &argv, appname, help);
+  if (ierr) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "Could not initialize ExaGO.\n");
+    return ierr;
+  }
+
+  ierr = PetscOptionsGetString(NULL, NULL, "-netfile", file_c_str,
+                               PETSC_MAX_PATH_LEN, &flg);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  if (!flg)
+    file = "../datafiles/case9/case9mod.m";
+  else
+    file.assign(file_c_str);
+
+  std::cout << "=== Test 8: GPU Inequality Jacobian Validation ==="
+            << std::endl;
+  std::cout << "Network file: " << file << std::endl;
+
+  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   * Step 1: Solve with IPOPT/PBPOL to get a realistic solution
+   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+  OPFLOW opflow_ref;
+  Vec Xsol;
+
+  ierr = OPFLOWCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &opflow_ref);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWReadMatPowerData(opflow_ref, file.c_str());
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWSetModel(opflow_ref, OPFLOWMODEL_PBPOL);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWSetSolver(opflow_ref, OPFLOWSOLVER_IPOPT);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWSolve(opflow_ref);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWGetSolution(opflow_ref, &Xsol);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  std::cout << "IPOPT solve complete." << std::endl;
+
+  /* Get the solution array (natural ordering) */
+  PetscInt nx_ref;
+  ierr = VecGetSize(Xsol, &nx_ref);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  double *xsol_nat;
+  ierr = VecGetArray(Xsol, &xsol_nat);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   * Step 2: Create the PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE model and set up
+   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+  OPFLOW opflow;
+  ierr = OPFLOWCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &opflow);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWReadMatPowerData(opflow, file.c_str());
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWSetModel(opflow, OPFLOWMODEL_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWSetSolver(opflow, OPFLOWSOLVER_HIOPSPARSEGPU);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWSetUp(opflow);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  int nx, nconeq, nconineq;
+  ierr = OPFLOWGetSizes(opflow, &nx, &nconeq, &nconineq);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  std::cout << "nx=" << nx << " nconeq=" << nconeq << " nconineq=" << nconineq
+            << " nnz_ineqjacsp=" << opflow->nnz_ineqjacsp << std::endl;
+
+  if (!nconineq) {
+    std::cout << "No inequality constraints -- nothing to test. PASS."
+              << std::endl;
+    ierr = VecRestoreArray(Xsol, &xsol_nat);
+    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    ierr = OPFLOWDestroy(&opflow_ref);
+    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    ierr = OPFLOWDestroy(&opflow);
+    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    ExaGOFinalize();
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   * Step 3: Copy IPOPT solution into opflow->X (natural ordering)
+   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+  double *x_nat;
+  ierr = VecGetArray(opflow->X, &x_nat);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++)
+    x_nat[i] = xsol_nat[i];
+  ierr = VecRestoreArray(opflow->X, &x_nat);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  ierr = VecRestoreArray(Xsol, &xsol_nat);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  std::cout << "Evaluating Jacobian at IPOPT-converged solution." << std::endl;
+
+  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   * Step 4: Compute reference inequality Jacobian via PETSc.
+   * The first call establishes the sparsity pattern, the second
+   * computes the actual values at the converged solution.
+   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+  ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computeinequalityconstraintjacobian)(
+      opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Jac_Gi);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = MatSetOption(opflow->Jac_Gi, MAT_NEW_NONZERO_LOCATION_ERR, PETSC_TRUE);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computeinequalityconstraintjacobian)(
+      opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Jac_Gi);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  int nnz = opflow->nnz_ineqjacsp;
+
+  auto &resmgr = umpire::ResourceManager::getInstance();
+  umpire::Allocator h_allocator = resmgr.getAllocator("HOST");
+
+  double *ref_vals =
+      static_cast<double *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+
+  PetscInt nrow, ncol;
+  ierr = MatGetSize(opflow->Jac_Gi, &nrow, &ncol);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  double *vptr = ref_vals;
+  for (int i = 0; i < nrow; i++) {
+    PetscInt nvals;
+    const PetscInt *cols;
+    const PetscScalar *vals;
+    ierr = MatGetRow(opflow->Jac_Gi, i, &nvals, &cols, &vals);
+    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+    for (int j = 0; j < nvals; j++)
+      vptr[j] = vals[j];
+    vptr += nvals;
+    ierr = MatRestoreRow(opflow->Jac_Gi, i, &nvals, &cols, &vals);
+    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  }
+
+  int ref_count = (int)(vptr - ref_vals);
+  std::cout << "PETSc extracted " << ref_count << " ineq Jacobian values"
+            << " (expected " << nnz << ")" << std::endl;
+
+  if (ref_count != nnz) {
+    std::cout << "FAIL: NNZ mismatch! PETSc=" << ref_count
+              << " analytical=" << nnz << std::endl;
+    fail++;
+  }
+
+  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   * Step 5: Compute GPU inequality Jacobian at the same solution
+   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+  double *x_host;
+  ierr = VecGetArray(opflow->X, &x_host);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  double *x_sd =
+      static_cast<double *>(h_allocator.allocate(nx * sizeof(double)));
+  for (int i = 0; i < nx; i++)
+    x_sd[opflow->idxn2sd_map[i]] = x_host[i];
+
+  ierr = VecRestoreArray(opflow->X, &x_host);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  double *gpu_vals;
+  double *x_dev, *gpu_vals_dev;
+
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+  umpire::Allocator d_allocator = resmgr.getAllocator("DEVICE");
+  x_dev = static_cast<double *>(d_allocator.allocate(nx * sizeof(double)));
+  gpu_vals_dev =
+      static_cast<double *>(d_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+  resmgr.memset(gpu_vals_dev, 0, nnz * sizeof(double));
+#else
+  x_dev = x_sd;
+  gpu_vals_dev =
+      static_cast<double *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+  memset(gpu_vals_dev, 0, nnz * sizeof(double));
+#endif
+
+  umpire::util::AllocationRecord rec_x{x_sd, sizeof(double) * nx,
+                                       h_allocator.getAllocationStrategy()};
+  resmgr.registerAllocation(x_sd, rec_x);
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+  resmgr.copy(x_dev, x_sd);
+#endif
+
+  std::cout << "Running RAJA GPU inequality Jacobian kernel..." << std::endl;
+  ComputeIneqJacValuesGPU_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(opflow, x_dev, gpu_vals_dev);
+
+  gpu_vals = static_cast<double *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+  resmgr.copy(gpu_vals, gpu_vals_dev);
+#else
+  memcpy(gpu_vals, gpu_vals_dev, nnz * sizeof(double));
+#endif
+
+  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   * Step 6: Compare
+   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+  std::cout << "Comparing " << nnz << " inequality Jacobian values..."
+            << std::endl;
+  int cmp_fail = compare_arrays(ref_vals, gpu_vals, nnz, "ineqjac");
+  fail += cmp_fail;
+
+  if (cmp_fail == 0)
+    std::cout << "PASS: All " << nnz
+              << " inequality Jacobian values match within tol=" << TOL
+              << std::endl;
+  else
+    std::cout << "FAIL: " << cmp_fail << " of " << nnz << " values differ"
+              << std::endl;
+
+  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   * Step 7: Performance comparison (enabled with -benchmark flag)
+   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+  PetscBool run_benchmark = PETSC_FALSE;
+  ierr = PetscOptionsGetBool(NULL, NULL, "-benchmark", NULL, &run_benchmark);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+  if (run_benchmark) {
+    int niters = 1000;
+    PetscInt bench_nrow, bench_ncol;
+    ierr = MatGetSize(opflow->Jac_Gi, &bench_nrow, &bench_ncol);
+    CHKERRQ(ierr);
+
+    double *bench_vals =
+        static_cast<double *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+
+    std::cout << "\n=== Performance Benchmark (" << niters
+              << " iterations) ===" << std::endl;
+
+    /* --- PETSc path: compute + MatGetRow extraction + copy to device --- */
+    {
+      double *bench_dev;
+      size_t nnz_bytes = nnz * sizeof(double);
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+      bench_dev = static_cast<double *>(d_allocator.allocate(nnz_bytes));
+#else
+      bench_dev = static_cast<double *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz_bytes));
+#endif
+
+      auto t0 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+      for (int iter = 0; iter < niters; iter++) {
+        ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computeinequalityconstraintjacobian)(
+            opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Jac_Gi);
+
+        double *vp = bench_vals;
+        for (int i = 0; i < bench_nrow; i++) {
+          PetscInt nv;
+          const PetscInt *c;
+          const PetscScalar *v;
+          MatGetRow(opflow->Jac_Gi, i, &nv, &c, &v);
+          for (int j = 0; j < nv; j++)
+            vp[j] = v[j];
+          vp += nv;
+          MatRestoreRow(opflow->Jac_Gi, i, &nv, &c, &v);
+        }
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+        resmgr.copy(bench_dev, bench_vals);
+#else
+        memcpy(bench_dev, bench_vals, nnz_bytes);
+#endif
+      }
+      auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+      double petsc_us =
+          std::chrono::duration<double, std::micro>(t1 - t0).count() / niters;
+      std::cout << "  PETSc path (compute + MatGetRow + copy): " << petsc_us
+                << " us/iter" << std::endl;
+
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+      d_allocator.deallocate(bench_dev);
+#else
+      h_allocator.deallocate(bench_dev);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    /* --- PETSc path: CPU compute only --- */
+    {
+      auto t0 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+      for (int iter = 0; iter < niters; iter++) {
+        ierr = (*opflow->modelops.computeinequalityconstraintjacobian)(
+            opflow, opflow->X, opflow->Jac_Gi);
+      }
+
+      auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+
+      double petsc_us =
+          std::chrono::duration<double, std::micro>(t1 - t0).count() / niters;
+      std::cout << "  PETSc path (compute only):               " << petsc_us
+                << " us/iter" << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    /* --- GPU path: RAJA kernels, no copies --- */
+    {
+      double *bench_dev;
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+      bench_dev =
+          static_cast<double *>(d_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+#else
+      bench_dev =
+          static_cast<double *>(h_allocator.allocate(nnz * sizeof(double)));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_HIP
+      (void)hipDeviceSynchronize();
+#endif
+      auto t0 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+      for (int iter = 0; iter < niters; iter++) {
+        ComputeIneqJacValuesGPU_PBPOLRAJAHIOPSPARSE(opflow, x_dev, bench_dev);
+      }
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_HIP
+      (void)hipDeviceSynchronize();
+#endif
+      auto t1 = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
+      double gpu_us =
+          std::chrono::duration<double, std::micro>(t1 - t0).count() / niters;
+      std::cout << "  GPU path (RAJA kernels, no copies):      " << gpu_us
+                << " us/iter" << std::endl;
+
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+      d_allocator.deallocate(bench_dev);
+#else
+      h_allocator.deallocate(bench_dev);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    h_allocator.deallocate(bench_vals);
+    std::cout << "=== End Benchmark ===" << std::endl;
+  }
+
+  /* ------------------------------------------------------------------
+   * Cleanup
+   * ------------------------------------------------------------------ */
+  h_allocator.deallocate(ref_vals);
+  h_allocator.deallocate(gpu_vals);
+  h_allocator.deallocate(x_sd);
+#ifdef EXAGO_ENABLE_GPU
+  d_allocator.deallocate(x_dev);
+  d_allocator.deallocate(gpu_vals_dev);
+#else
+  h_allocator.deallocate(gpu_vals_dev);
+#endif
+
+  ierr = OPFLOWDestroy(&opflow);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ierr = OPFLOWDestroy(&opflow_ref);
+  CHKERRQ(ierr);
+  ExaGOFinalize();
+
+  return fail;
+}
diff --git a/tests/unit/utils/test_base.h b/tests/unit/utils/test_base.h
index f03dc5bf..0e2d018c 100644
--- a/tests/unit/utils/test_base.h
+++ b/tests/unit/utils/test_base.h
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ static const RealType three = 3.0;
 // static const RealType eps = 10*std::numeric_limits<RealType>::epsilon();
 static const RealType eps = 1e-8;
 
-static const LocalOrdinalType SKIP_TEST = -1;
+static const LocalOrdinalType SKIP_TEST = 2;
 
 /**
   @brief Base class for all testing classes. Each child class will call the